Amplification at λ ∼ 2.8 Å on double-vacancy states produced by 248 nm excitation of Xe clusters in plasma channels

Borisov, A. B.; Song, Xiangyang; Zhang, Ping; Dasgupta, A.; Davis, J.; Kepple, P.; Dai, Yang; Boyer, K.; Rhodes, C. K.

doi:10.1088/0953-4075/38/22/001

Cited by 14 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…(1) as [193-Z atom] at an intensity of ~ 10 14 W/cm 2 , a value that is a factor of ~10 5 greater than that used in the studies of the E,F Σ g + state of the hydrogen molecule described above. In time additional results appeared [35,50,52,53,59,61] that supported this conclusion.…”

Section: Fig (1)mentioning

confidence: 68%

“…In the extended region (Z > -1 mm), the Xe(L) signal exhibits strong modulation with features of ~ 100 μm in width, a characteristic that contrasts significantly with the Xe(M) signal that shows perceptible, but far weaker modulation, even though the spatial resolution is approximately two-fold greater; the conclusion that the Xe(L) modulations are considerably sharper and more pronounced than those illustrated by the Xe(M ) counterpart follows. showing the canonical Xe(L) hollow atom spontaneous emission spectrum produced from Xe clusters with 248 nm excitation whose properties are known from earlier studies [38,61,62]. (a) Xe(L) spectrum recorded at point B in Fig.5(b).…”

Section: Experimental Evidencementioning

confidence: 89%

“…In addition, the direct hollow atom production [34] was a huge bonus, since it eliminated the need for the relatively slow process of recombination to form the excited Xe*(L) states. Hence, excited levels exhibiting prompt x-ray emission were efficiently produced, an outcome that automatically produced inverted population densities and subsequently enabled amplification in the multikilovolt x-ray spectral region 4.5 keV on 3d  2p transitions to be achieved [38,39,[61][62][63]84]. Recent work [85] has extended these findings with the demonstration of amplification on the Kr(L) 3s  2p Kr 26+ 1…”

Section: Fig (1)mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…All of the states producing the spectrum shown in Fig. (26) possess a 2p-vacancy and a fraction of the emission in the blue wings of both lobes arises from 2s2p double vacancy levels [39,[61][62][63]66].…”

Section: Atomic Inner-shell Excitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…that defines the peak electric field E for the onset of relativistic motions for elections with mass m and charge e driven at angular frequency ω, (b) the vacuum pair creation limit, the upper value bounding the achievable intensity that is associated with ultrarelativistic electron/positron cascades [97], (c) the intensity I  4.6 × 10 29 W/cm 2 corresponding to the Schwinger/Heisenberg limit [98,99], and (d) the point characterizing the intensity of saturated amplification with the Xe(L) hollow atom system [38,39,[61][62][63][64][65][66].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Rewriting the rules governing high intensity interactions of light with matter

Borisov¹,

McCorkindale²,

Poopalasingam³

et al. 2016

Rep. Prog. Phys.

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The trajectory of discovery associated with the study of high-intensity nonlinear radiative interactions with matter and corresponding nonlinear modes of electromagnetic propagation through material that have been conducted over the last 50 years can be presented as a landscape in the intensity/quantum energy [I-ħω] plane. Based on an extensive series of experimental and theoretical findings, a universal zone of anomalous enhanced electromagnetic coupling, designated as the fundamental nonlinear domain, can be defined. Since the lower boundaries of this region for all atomic matter correspond to ħω ~ 10(3) eV and I ≈ 10(16) W cm(-2), it heralds a future dominated by x-ray and γ-ray studies of all phases of matter including nuclear states. The augmented strength of the interaction with materials can be generally expressed as an increase in the basic electromagnetic coupling constant in which the fine structure constant α → Z(2)α, where Z denotes the number of electrons participating in an ordered response to the driving field. Since radiative conditions strongly favoring the development of this enhanced electromagnetic coupling are readily produced in self-trapped plasma channels, the processes associated with the generation of nonlinear interactions with materials stand in natural alliance with the nonlinear mechanisms that induce confined propagation. An experimental example involving the Xe (4d(10)5s(2)5p(6)) supershell for which Z ≅ 18 that falls in the specified anomalous nonlinear domain is described. This yields an effective coupling constant of Z(2)α ≅ 2.4 > 1, a magnitude comparable to the strong interaction and a value rendering as useless conventional perturbative analyses founded on an expansion in powers of α. This enhancement can be quantitatively understood as a direct consequence of the dominant role played by coherently driven multiply-excited states in the dynamics of the coupling. It is also conclusively demonstrated by an abundance of data that the utterly peerless champion of the experimental campaign leading to the definition of the fundamental nonlinear domain was excimer laser technology. The basis of this unique role was the ability to satisfy simultaneously a triplet (ω, I, P) of conditions stating the minimal values of the frequency ω, intensity I, and the power P necessary to enable the key physical processes to be experimentally observed and controllably combined. The historical confluence of these developments creates a solid foundation for the prediction of future advances in the fundamental understanding of ultra-high power density states of matter. The atomic findings graciously generalize to the composition of a nuclear stanza expressing the accessibility of the nuclear domain. With this basis serving as the launch platform, a cadenza of three grand challenge problems representing both new materials and new interactions is presented for future solution; they are (1) the performance of an experimental probe of the properties of the vacuum state associated with the dark ener...

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Section: Fig (1)mentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Experimental Evidencementioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Fig (1)mentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Atomic Inner-shell Excitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rewriting the rules governing high intensity interactions of light with matter

Borisov¹,

McCorkindale²,

Poopalasingam³

et al. 2016

Rep. Prog. Phys.

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Lasers and Coherent Light Sources

Pollnau

2007

Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics

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Explosive supersaturated amplification on 3d→2p Xe(L) hollow atom transitions at λ ∼ 2.7−2.9 Å

Boyer¹,

Borisov²,

Song³

et al. 2005

J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.

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The Xe(L) system at λ ∼ 2.9 Å uniformly exhibits all of the canonical attributes of a strongly saturated amplifier on the full ensemble of single-vacancy Xeq+ transition arrays (q = 31, 32, 34, 35, 36) that exhibit gain. The key observables are (1) sharp spectral narrowing, (2) the detection of a narrow directed beam (δθx≅200 µrad), (3) an increase in the amplitude of the emission and the development of an intense output (⩾106 enhancement) and (4) the observation of deep spectral hole-burning on the inhomogeneously broadened spontaneous emission profile. Experimentally determined by two methods, (a) line narrowing and (b) signal enhancement, the observations for several single-vacancy 3d→2p transitions indicate a range of values for the effective small signal (linear) gain constant given by go≅25−100 cm−1. Quantitative analysis shows that this result stands in clear conflict with the corresponding upper bound go≅40−80 cm−1 that is based on available spectroscopic data and estimated with conventional theory. Overall, the observed values deviate substantially from expectations scaled to the spectral density of the measured Xe(L) spontaneous emission profile; they are systematically too high. The most extreme example is the heavily saturated Xe32+ transition at λ = 2.71 Å, a case that fails to reconcile the lower bound of the measured signal strength with the corresponding theoretically predicted maximal value; the former falls above the latter by a factor exceeding 400 giving an enormous gap. Moreover, although saturation is a prominent characteristic of the amplification at λ≅2.71 Å, as demonstrated by spectral hole-burning, the theoretical upper bound of go given for this transition is far too small for saturation to be reached. The Xe31+ transition at λ≅2.93 Å exhibits comparably pronounced anomalous behaviour. This double paradox is resolved with the Ansatz that the amplification is governed principally by the saturated gain gs, not the conventionally described small signal value go. This interpretation is further supported by the observation of deep spectral hole-burning, the signature of strong saturation, that occurs uniformly across the spectrum of the spontaneous emission profile. The effective amplification exhibits an anomalously weak dependence on the spectral density; saturation is the rule, not the exception. A lucid manifestation of the saturation is the recording of spectrally resolved x-ray yields on the Xe31+ array that are sufficiently high to produce gross structural damage to the material in the film plane of the spectrograph. The behaviour of the amplifier can be best described as an explosive supersaturated amplification. The source of this exceptionally strong amplification can be traced to the dynamically enhanced radiative response of the excited Xe hollow atom states located in the clusters that are mode coupled to the plasma waveguide forming the amplifying channel.

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Amplification at λ ∼ 2.8 Å on double-vacancy states produced by 248 nm excitation of Xe clusters in plasma channels

Cited by 14 publications

References 22 publications

Rewriting the rules governing high intensity interactions of light with matter

Rewriting the rules governing high intensity interactions of light with matter

Lasers and Coherent Light Sources

Explosive supersaturated amplification on 3d→2p Xe(L) hollow atom transitions at λ ∼ 2.7−2.9 Å

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