“…Another significant difference between the Stein approach and the other methods is that the Stein projection is a direct assessment of the realized system failure rate after failure mode mitigation. The approaches (Crow, 1982), (Corcoran, et al, 1964), and (Ellner, et al, 1995) indirectly attempt to assess the realized system reliability by estimating the expected value of the mitigated system probability of failure or system failure rate, r(T), where r(T) is viewed as a random variable. For example, in Crow (1982) and Ellner, et al (1995) , the realized value of r(T) is assessed as the estimate of a conditional (given Ai), or unconditional expected value of r(T), respectively, where,…”