Amyloid Beta and MicroRNAs in Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive mental illness characterized by memory loss and multiple cognitive impairments. In the last several decades, significant progress has been made in understanding basic biology, molecular mechanisms, and development of biomarkers and therapeutic drugs. Multiple cellular changes are implicated in the disease process including amyloid beta and phosphorylation of tau synaptic damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in AD. Among these, amyloid beta is considered a major player in the disease process. Recent advancements in molecular biology revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs) are considered potential biomarkers in AD with a focus on amyloid beta. In this article we discussed several aspects of AD including its prevalence, classifications, risk factors, and amyloid species and their accumulation in subcellular compartments. This article also discusses the discovery and biogenesis of miRNAs and their relevance to AD. Today's research continues to add to the wealth of miRNA data that has been accumulated, however, there still lacks clear-cut understanding of the physiological relevance of miRNAs to AD. MiRNAs appear to regulate translation of gene products in AD and other human diseases. However, the mechanism of how many of these miRNAs regulate both the 5 and 3 UTR of amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing is still being extrapolated. Hence, we still need more research on miRNAs and APP/amyloid beta formation in the progression and pathogenesis of AD.

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Characteristics and Applications

“…113 The relationship of Ab and miRNAs in AD was also reviewed. 114 The major miRNAs that are upregulated in AD include miR-21, 34a, 122, 126, 130b, 183, and 206 (i.e., most are neurodegenerative miRNAs). The major miRNAs that are downregulated in AD include miR-1, 9, 16, 101, 124, 135, 155, 186, 219, 328, and 455 (i.e., most are neuroprotective miRNAs).…”

Transcriptomics in Alzheimer’s Disease: Aspects and Challenges

“…Table 1 introduces several miRNAs involved in different AD-associated mechanisms, including amyloid metabolism, Tau pathology, immune mechanism, or cell death. MiRNAs in biofluids (blood, plasma, serum, saliva) were believed to be promising markers for AD diagnosis [44]. For better understanding of the disease mechanisms and for early detection and diagnosis of AD, the generation of miRNA panel should be critical ( Figure 2).…”

Resveratrol targeting tau proteins, amyloid‐beta aggregations, and their adverse effects: An updated review

“…In order to prevent the mentioned adverse impacts of Aβ deposits on potassium channels, Res downregulates and suppresses the induction of protein kinase A (PKA) and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway (Yin et al, 2017). As it was discussed ear- ing with electron transfer chain (Amakiri, Kubosumi, Tran, & Reddy, 2019;J. Lu et al, 2019;Muraleva, Kozhevnikova, Fursova, & Kolosova, 2019;Pepperberg, 2019).…”