Amyloidosis in Alzheimer’s Disease: Pathogeny, Etiology, and Related Therapeutic Directions

Abstract

The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease has long been the predominant theory, suggesting that Alzheimer’s disease is caused by the accumulation of amyloid beta protein (Aβ) in the brain, leading to neuronal toxicity in the central nervous system (CNS). Because of breakthroughs in molecular medicine, the amyloid pathway is thought to be central to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Currently, it is believed that altered biochemistry of the Aβ cycle remains a central biological feature of AD and is a promising target for treatment. This review provides an overview of the process of amyloid formation, explaining the transition from amyloid precursor protein to amyloid beta protein. Moreover, we also reveal the relationship between autophagy, cerebral blood flow, ACHE, expression of LRP1, and amyloidosis. In addition, we discuss the detailed pathogenesis of amyloidosis, including oxidative damage, tau protein, NFTs, and neuronal damage. Finally, we list some ways to treat AD in terms of decreasing the accumulation of Aβ in the brain.

Alzheimer’s Disease and Inflammaging

“…Unlike fibrils, protofibrils and oligomers are soluble. Therefore they can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and spread through the nervous tissue of the brain due to binding to receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) [ 36 ], apolipoprotein E (LRP1) [ 37 ], glycoprotein 330 [ 38 ], and P-glycoprotein [ 39 ]. The mechanism of a switch from non-amyloid to amyloid APP cleavage remains unclear.…”

Elementary Pathophysiology, Treatment, Risk Factor of Alzheimer’s Disease

“…For example, dystrophic neurites with hyperphosphorylated tau surround amyloid plaques are routinely shown in mice models with large plaque loading. [43]. In transgenic rat brains overexpressing AD-associated APP/PS1 mutations in a wild-type tau background, higher levels of p-tau and conformationally altered tau were observed.…”

Baicalin regulates stem cells as a creative point in the treatment of climacteric syndrome

“…Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative disorder characterized by brain atrophy, loss of neurons, associated with behavioral changes and cognitive decline ( Ma et al, 2022 ). As a common form of dementia, AD affects about 50 million people worldwide and is expected to diagnose a new case every 3 s. However, there is currently no effective treatment available ( Liu et al, 2022a ).…”