An accurate and nondestructive GC method for determination of cocaine on US paper currency

Abstract

The presence of cocaine on US paper currency has been known for a long time. Banknotes become contaminated during the exchange, storage, and abuse of cocaine. The analysis of cocaine on various denominations of US banknotes in the general circulation can provide law enforcement circles and forensic epidemiologists objective and timely information on epidemiology of illicit drug use and on how to differentiate money contaminated in the general circulation from banknotes used in drug transaction. A simple, nondestructive, and accurate capillary gas chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of cocaine on various denominations of US banknotes in this study. The method comprises a fast ultrasonic extraction using water as a solvent followed by a SPE cleanup process with a C(18) cartridge and capillary GC separation, identification, and quantification. This nondestructive analytical method has been successfully applied to determine the cocaine contamination in US paper currency of all denominations. Standard calibration curve was linear over the concentration range from the LOQ (2.00 ng/mL) to 100 microg/mL and the RSD less than 2.0%. Cocaine was detected in 67% of the circulated banknotes collected in Southeastern Massachusetts in amounts ranging from approximately 2 ng to 49.4 microg per note. On average, $5, 10, 20, and 50 denominations contain higher amounts of cocaine than $1 and 100 denominations of US banknotes.

Occurrence of Contamination by Controlled Substances in Euro Banknotes from the Spanish Archipelago of the Canary Islands

“…Our findings agree with previously published studies (6–12) in that cocaine is one of the most extensively abused illicit drugs in the world, and that most of the paper currency in general circulation is contaminated with cocaine (8). As previously cited, Spain has had the highest abuse rates for cocaine in Europe for the last decade and rates higher than U.S.A. in recent years (2).…”

Population drug use in Australia: A wastewater analysis

“…Zuo et al also demonstrated another novel way to monitor drug use, in which GC-MS was employed to detect cocaine on US paper currency [26]. These studies together with other similar ones indicated that development of methods based on modern analytical chemistry could be a new trend in drug use monitoring.…”

Assessing Cocaine Abuse Using LC–MS/MS Measurements in Biological Specimens

“…This can occur if the individual is present in an environment where the drugs are being consumed (e.g., smoked drugs) or accidentally rubs the hair with contaminated or dirty hands. For example, cocaine and cannabis have been detected in currency banknotes [119,120]. Those drugs are actually the most [24] 0.13 ng/ml; 0.…”