An active inference perspective on the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Jeganathan, Jayson; Breakspear, Michael

doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30527-7

Cited by 36 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…This is a sensible finding, as the manipulation leads to relatively high uncertainty in the mapping between hidden states and outcomes during all cardiac phases, not just during the previously attenuated systolic phase. This sort of chronic hypo-arousal-as a consequence of a failure to contextually modulate precision-is not unlike that which may underwrite the negative symptoms of schizophrenia or depression [86][87][88][89].…”

Section: Simulating the Influence Of Sensory Precision On Belief Unce...mentioning

confidence: 99%

In the Body’s Eye: The computational anatomy of interoceptive inference

et al. 2022

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A growing body of evidence highlights the intricate linkage of exteroceptive perception to the rhythmic activity of the visceral body. In parallel, interoceptive inference theories of affective perception and self-consciousness are on the rise in cognitive science. However, thus far no formal theory has emerged to integrate these twin domains; instead, most extant work is conceptual in nature. Here, we introduce a formal model of cardiac active inference, which explains how ascending cardiac signals entrain exteroceptive sensory perception and uncertainty. Through simulated psychophysics, we reproduce the defensive startle reflex and commonly reported effects linking the cardiac cycle to affective behaviour. We further show that simulated ‘interoceptive lesions’ blunt affective expectations, induce psychosomatic hallucinations, and exacerbate biases in perceptual uncertainty. Through synthetic heart-rate variability analyses, we illustrate how the balance of arousal-priors and visceral prediction errors produces idiosyncratic patterns of physiological reactivity. Our model thus offers a roadmap for computationally phenotyping disordered brain-body interaction.

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Section: Simulating the Influence Of Sensory Precision On Belief Unce...mentioning

confidence: 99%

In the Body’s Eye: The computational anatomy of interoceptive inference

et al. 2022

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“…Again, metacognition might be the connection between an independent variable, namely expressive deficit, and IM. In fact, as proposed by Jeganathan and Breakspear (2021) 39 , the metacognitive estimation of one’s causal influence over others is a prerequisite for predicting social consequences of emotive action 39 . Therefore, metacognitive deficit, such as not allowing precise inferences on the social interaction with the others, would favor blunted affect as a strategy aimed at reducing the possible damage of a manifest affectivity 39 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, as proposed by Jeganathan and Breakspear (2021) 39 , the metacognitive estimation of one’s causal influence over others is a prerequisite for predicting social consequences of emotive action 39 . Therefore, metacognitive deficit, such as not allowing precise inferences on the social interaction with the others, would favor blunted affect as a strategy aimed at reducing the possible damage of a manifest affectivity 39 . At the same time this deficit of metacognition, as mentioned above, would be linked to the difficulty in pursuing goal-directed action, especially those necessary for fruitful social interaction, thus resulting in a reduced IM 8 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relative contributions of insight and neurocognition to intrinsic motivation in schizophrenia

et al. 2022

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Intrinsic motivation was described as the mental process of pursuing a task or an action because it is enjoyable or interesting in itself and was found to play a central role in the determination of the functional outcome of schizophrenia. Neurocognition is one of the most studied determinants of intrinsic motivation in clinically stable schizophrenia while little is known about the role of insight. Following this need we decided to focus on the contribution of different aspects of insight and of neurocognition to intrinsic motivation in a large sample (n = 176) of patients with stable schizophrenia. We performed three hierarchical linear regressions from which resulted that, among different insight aspects, the ability to correctly attribute signs and symptoms to the mental disorder made the strongest contribution to intrinsic motivation. Neurocognition, also, was significantly related to intrinsic motivation when analyzed simultaneously with insight. Moreover, even after accounting for sociodemographic and clinical variables significantly correlated with intrinsic motivation, the relationship between insight and neurocognition and intrinsic motivation remained statistically significant. These findings put the emphasis on the complex interplay between insight, neurocognition, and intrinsic motivation suggesting that interventions targeting both insight and neurocognition might possibly improve this motivational deficit in stable schizophrenia should.

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“…Blunted affect refers to diminished emotional responsiveness, characterised by a reduction in facial expression, modulation of feelings, and communicative gestures. Jeganathan and Breakspear 29 proposed a computational framework for emotional expression based on active inference and stated that blunted affect derives from uncertainty about whether one’s emotional expression is effective in responding to others’ affective responses. It is possible that blunted affect influenced self-reflectiveness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between self-reflectiveness and clinical symptoms in individuals during pre-morbid and early clinical stages of psychosis

Cui

Wei

et al. 2022

Gen Psych

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BackgroundSelf-reflectiveness, one dimension of cognitive insight, plays a protective role in an individual’s mental state. Both high and low levels of self-reflectiveness have been reported in patients with schizophrenia and individuals at clinical high risk for the illness.AimsThis study aimed to explore the relationship patterns between self-reflectiveness and clinical symptoms in individuals during the pre-morbid and early clinical stages of psychosis.MethodsA total of 181 subjects, including individuals with attenuated positive symptoms (APS, n=122) and patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP, n=59), completed the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale and were evaluated using the Schedule of Assessment of Insight and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. All subjects were classified into three groups according to their level of self-reflectiveness: low level (LSR, n=59), medium level (MSR, n=67) and high level (HSR, n=55). Both linear and non-linear relationships between self-reflectiveness and clinical symptoms were explored.ResultsMore individuals with APS were classified into the MSR group, while more patients with FEP were classified into the LSR group. The LSR group demonstrated less awareness of illness than the MSR and HSR groups, more stereotyped thinking and poorer impulse control but less anxiety than the MSR group, and lower levels of blunted affect and guilt feelings than the HSR group. The MSR group demonstrated lower stereotyped thinking than the HSR group. Compared to the LSR group, the MSR group had increased self-reflectiveness, improved awareness of illness, decreased stereotyped thinking, and better impulse control, but increased feelings of guilt. The HSR group showed increased stereotyped thinking when compared to the MSR group, but the other variables did not change significantly between these two groups. Overall, self-reflectiveness demonstrated an approximately inverse S-shaped relationship with the awareness of illness, a U-shaped relationship with stereotyped thinking and poor impulse control, and an almost linear relationship with anxiety and guilt feelings.ConclusionsSelf-reflectiveness demonstrates complex relationships with clinical symptoms and fails to exert significant positive effects when reaching a certain high level.

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An active inference perspective on the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Cited by 36 publications

References 75 publications

In the Body’s Eye: The computational anatomy of interoceptive inference

In the Body’s Eye: The computational anatomy of interoceptive inference

The relative contributions of insight and neurocognition to intrinsic motivation in schizophrenia

Relationships between self-reflectiveness and clinical symptoms in individuals during pre-morbid and early clinical stages of psychosis

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