An Acute Bout of Static Stretching Does Not Affect Maximal Eccentric Isokinetic Peak Torque, the Joint Angle at Peak Torque, Mean Power, Electromyography, or Mechanomyography

Cramer, Joel T.; Housh, Terry J.; Johnson, Glen O.; Weir, Joseph P.; Beck, Travis W.; Coburn, Jared W.

doi:10.2519/jospt.2007.2389

Cited by 53 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Thus, dose-dependent effects cannot be examined suitably in this context. Nonetheless, 3 studies (Brandenburg 2006;Sekir et al 2010;Costa et al 2013) reported significant reductions in a total of 8 eccentric strength measures, whereas 6 studies (Ayala et al 2014;Cramer et al 2006Cramer et al , 2007Gohir et al 2012;McHugh and Nesse 2008;Winke et al 2010) reported no change in 15 eccentric measures (≥60 s, -4.2%); these small-tomoderate changes are similar to those observed when isometric and concentric testing were completed (Supplementary Table S4 1 ). Considering that most muscle strain injuries occur during the eccentric phase in most activities (Orchard et al 1997), the limited number of studies describing the effect of SS on maximal eccentric strength is problematic, especially given that no studies have examined the effects of shorter stretch durations.…”

Section: Dose-response Effect For Contraction Typesmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Acute muscle stretching has been hypothesized as reducing tendon stiffness, forcing the muscle to work at shorter and weaker (according to its force-length relationship) lengths (Cramer et al 2007;Fowles et al 2000;Weir et al 2005). Indeed, several studies have demonstrated greater stretch-induced strength loss at short vs. long muscle lengths (e.g., Herda et al 2008), although this effect may also be explained by muscle length-specific reductions in central (neural) drive (see Reduced central (efferent) drive).…”

Section: Changes In Tendon Stiffness and The Force-length Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: a systematic review

Behm

Blazevich

Kay

et al. 2016

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

509

530

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Abstract:Recently, there has been a shift from static stretching (SS) or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching within a warm-up to a greater emphasis on dynamic stretching (DS). The objective of this review was to compare the effects of SS, DS, and PNF on performance, range of motion (ROM), and injury prevention. The data indicated that SS-(-3.7%), DS-(+1.3%), and PNF-(-4.4%) induced performance changes were small to moderate with testing performed immediately after stretching, possibly because of reduced muscle activation after SS and PNF. A dose-response relationship illustrated greater performance deficits with ≥60 s (-4.6%) than with <60 s (-1.1%) SS per muscle group. Conversely, SS demonstrated a moderate (2.2%) performance benefit at longer muscle lengths. Testing was performed on average 3-5 min after stretching, and most studies did not include poststretching dynamic activities; when these activities were included, no clear performance effect was observed. DS produced small-to-moderate performance improvements when completed within minutes of physical activity. SS and PNF stretching had no clear effect on all-cause or overuse injuries; no data are available for DS. All forms of training induced ROM improvements, typically lasting <30 min. Changes may result from acute reductions in muscle and tendon stiffness or from neural adaptations causing an improved stretch tolerance. Considering the small-to-moderate changes immediately after stretching and the study limitations, stretching within a warm-up that includes additional poststretching dynamic activity is recommended for reducing muscle injuries and increasing joint ROM with inconsequential effects on subsequent athletic performance.Key words: static stretch, dynamic stretch, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, ballistic stretch, flexibility, warm-up.Résumé : Depuis peu, on utilise plutôt l'étirement dynamique (« DS ») que l'étirement statique (« SS ») ou la facilitation neuromusculaire proprioceptive (« PNF ») au sein d'une séance d'échauffement. Cette analyse documentaire se propose de comparer les effets de SS, DS et PNF sur la performance, l'amplitude de mouvement (« ROM ») et la prévention de blessures. D'après les données, on observe des modifications de performance faibles à modérées quand l'évaluation est réalisée immédi-atement après la séance d'étirement : SS (-3,7 %), DS (+1,3 %) et PNF (-4,4 %), et ce, possiblement à cause de la diminution de l'activation musculaire consécutive à SS et PNF. La relation dose-réponse révèle une plus grande baisse de performance quand la séance de SS par groupe musculaire ≥60 s (-4,6 %) vs. <60 s (-1,1 %). Par contre, SS suscite un gain modéré de performance (2,2 %) quand le muscle est plus allongé. L'évaluation est réalisée en moyenne 3-5 minutes post-étirement. La plupart des études n'incluent pas des activités dynamiques post-étirement; avec l'inclusion de ces activités, on n'observe pas de modification nette de la performance. DS suscite des gains de performance faibles à modérés...

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Section: Dose-response Effect For Contraction Typesmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Changes In Tendon Stiffness and The Force-length Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 98%

Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: a systematic review

Behm

Blazevich

Kay

et al. 2016

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

509

530

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Acute passive stretching has been shown to affect the electrical and mechanical properties of the muscle, by depressing muscle activation (Avela, Kyrolainen, Komi, & Rama, 1999;Behm, Button, & Butt, 2001;Cramer et al, 2005Cramer et al, , 2007bFowles, Sale, & MacDougall, 2000;Kay & Blazevich, 2009), decreasing muscle maximum force and stiffness, and increasing muscle-tendon unit compliance (Avela, Finni, Liikavainio, Niemela, & Komi, 2004;Behm et al, 2001;Cè, Paracchino, & Esposito, 2008;Fowles et al, 2000;Kay & Blazevich, 2009;Kubo, Kanehisa, Kawakami, & Fukunaga, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute passive stretching in a previously fatigued muscle: Electrical and mechanical response during tetanic stimulation

Esposito

Cè

Rampichini

et al. 2009

Journal of Sports Sciences

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The aim of this study was to assess the effects of acute passive stretching on the electrical and mechanical response of a previously fatigued muscle. Eleven participants underwent maximal tetanic stimulations (50 Hz) of the medial gastrocnemius, before and after a fatiguing protocol and after a bout of passive stretching of the fatigued muscle. During contraction, surface electromyography (EMG), mechanomyography (MMG), and force were recorded. The following parameters were calculated: (1) the EMG root mean square (RMS), mean frequency, and fibre conduction velocity; (2) MMG peak-to-peak and RMS; (3) the peak force, contraction time, half-relaxation time, peak rate of force development (dF/dt) and its acceleration (d(2)F/dt(2)). Fatigue reduced peak force by 18% (P < 0.05) and affected the other force, EMG, and MMG parameters. After stretching: (1) all EMG parameters recovered to pre-fatigue values; (2) MMG peak-to-peak remained depressed, while RMS recovered to pre-fatigue values; (3) the peak force, peak rate of force development and its acceleration were further reduced by 22, 18, and 51%, respectively, and half-relaxation time by 40% (P < 0.05). In conclusion, acute passive stretching, when applied to a previously fatigued muscle, further depresses the maximum force-generating capacity. Although stretching does not alter the electrical parameters of the fatigued muscle, it does affect the mechanical behaviour of the muscle-tendon unit.

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“…Fatores metodológicos na captação da atividade eletromiográfica, tais como tipo e velocidade de contração, e até a função muscular do grupo avaliado, parecem influenciar na resposta. Cramer et al 6 não perceberam mudanças na amplitude eletromiográfica do quadríceps, após um protocolo de alongamento estático, captada durante uma contração excêntrica isocinética. Esses achados corroboram com os do presente estudo, no qual a intensidade da atividade neuromuscular dos ísquios-tibiais durante uma atividade predominantemente excêntrica não foi alterada.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Acredita-se que o aumento da amplitude articular de movimento (ADM) decorrente de uma atividade preparatória ao exercício possa melhorar a performance e reduzir o risco de lesões em exercícios extenuantes 1 . No entanto, com exceção de um aumento da ADM, alguns estudos não têm encontrado evidências substanciais que sustentem o uso do alongamento e do aquecimento para aumento da performance [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] . Um grande número de pesquisas tem sido desenvolvidas a respeito da influência do alongamento e do aquecimento nas propriedades viscoelásticas e de flexibilidade musculoesquelética 9,10 .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Efeitos do aquecimento e do alongamento na resposta neuromuscular dos isquiotibiais

Nogueira

Lins

Souza

et al. 2014

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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INTRODUÇÃO: A preparação para a atividade esportiva frequentemente envolve aquecimento e/ou alongamento, no intuito de prevenir lesões e/ou melhorar o desempenho. No entanto, a maneira como essas práticas podem interferir nos mecanismos neuromusculares de controle articular não é clara.OBJETIVO: Analisar o efeito imediato do alongamento e do aquecimento, isolados ou associados, no tempo de latência muscular (TLM) e na amplitude de ativação dos isquiotibiais, após perturbações repentinas da articulação do joelho.MÉTODOS: Sessenta voluntários do sexo feminino (média de idade de 22,3 ± 1,7 anos e IMC 21,4 ± 1,3 kg/cm2) foram divididas aleatoriamente em quatro grupos: (1) controle, (2) aquecimento, (3) alongamento, (4) aquecimento + alongamento. A atividade elétrica dos isquiotibiais foi captada por eletromiografia de superfície durante uma perturbação súbita do joelho. Um eletrogoniômetro detectou o início da variação angular, enquanto os eletrodos captaram o início e a amplitude da atividade muscular antes e após as intervenções. Como procedimento estatístico utilizou-se ANOVA two-way e post-hoc de Tukey, considerando-se como nível de significância p < 0,05.RESULTADOS: O TLM do bíceps femoral e do semitendíneo foi reduzido nos grupos 3 (p = 0,048 e 0,027, respectivamente) e 4 (p = 0,026 e 0,039, respectivamente). Não houve alteração significativa da amplitude de ativação muscular nos grupos avaliados.CONCLUSÕES: Os dados do presente estudo sugerem que, embora não tenham sido observadas alterações na amplitude eletromiográfica, o alongamento passivo e estático, utilizado de forma isolada ou associado ao aquecimento, promoveu uma redução do TLM dos isquiotibiais. Essa redução pode vir a ser um fator de proteção de lesões musculares e articulares, após uma perturbação súbita, como as que ocorrem na prática desportiva.

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An Acute Bout of Static Stretching Does Not Affect Maximal Eccentric Isokinetic Peak Torque, the Joint Angle at Peak Torque, Mean Power, Electromyography, or Mechanomyography

Cited by 53 publications

References 45 publications

Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: a systematic review

Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: a systematic review

Acute passive stretching in a previously fatigued muscle: Electrical and mechanical response during tetanic stimulation

Efeitos do aquecimento e do alongamento na resposta neuromuscular dos isquiotibiais

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