An Adaptive Load Frequency Control for Power Systems with Renewable Energy Sources

Abstract

The frequency of power systems is very sensitive to load variations. Additionally, with the increased penetration of renewable energy sources in electrical grids, stabilizing the system frequency becomes more challenging. Therefore, Load Frequency Control (LFC) is used to keep the frequency within its acceptable limits. In this paper, an adaptive controller is proposed to enhance the system performance under load variations. Moreover, the proposed controller overcomes the disturbances resulting from the natural operation of the renewable energy sources such as Wave Energy Conversion System (WECS) and Photovoltaic (PV) system. The superiority of the proposed controller compared to the classical LFC schemes is that it has auto tuned parameters. The validation of the proposed controller is carried out through four case studies. The first case study is dedicated to a two-area LFC system under load variations. The WECS is considered as a disturbance for the second case study. Moreover, to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed controller, the dynamic performance is compared with previous work based on an optimized controller in the third case study. Finally in the fourth case study, a sensitivity analysis is carried out through parameters variations in the nonlinear PV-thermal hybrid system. The novel application of the adaptive controller into the LFC leads to enhance the system performance under disturbance of different sources of renewable energy. Moreover, a robustness test is presented to validate the reliability of the proposed controller.

A New Type-3 Fuzzy PID for Energy Management in Microgrids

“…Table 2 contains the RMSE values for each of the various cases. The performance is compared with PI-T1-FLC [41], PI-T2-FLC [42], and general type-2 FLC (GT2-FLC) [29]. The suggested method's RMSE in all circumstances appear to be significantly lower than those of the other techniques.…”

“…Figure 7 shows the controller signal. Comparison with type-1 fuzzy controller (PI-T1-FLC) [41] and type-2 FLC (PI-T2-FLC) [42] shows that the suggested approach is superior in terms of overall performance and accuracy. An observer can clearly tell that the designed control system is able to outperform.…”

TLBO Tuned a Novel Robust Fuzzy Control Structure for LFC of a Hybrid Power System with Photovoltaic Source

“…As shown in Figure 1, this system consists of a PV plant equipped in area one and a thermal unit installed in area two. This system has extensively been used in the literature [3,7]. The values of the parameters of the investigated system are as follows Notwithstanding the fact that the above-mentioned techniques have different merits and successfully solved the problem of frequency deviation to a great extent, it is noteworthy to mention the limitation of installing these techniques in power systems.…”

“…As shown in Figure 1, this system consists of a PV plant equipped in area one and a thermal unit installed in area two. This system has extensively been used in the literature [3,7]. The values of the parameters of the investigated system are as follows…”

“…Another application of a FOPID in LFC for power systems with RERs was suggested in [6]; in this study, a modified hunger games search optimizer was proposed to find the optimal values of the FOPID's gains. An adaptive PI-based LFC system installed in two different dual area power systems was proposed in [7]; the suggested controller evidenced its superiority over the traditional PI. LFC-based sliding mode control (SMC) was proposed in [8] for a hybrid power system incorporating WT and energy storage systems.…”