An Adaptive Measurement System for the Simultaneous Evaluation of Frequency Shift and Series Resistance of QCM in Liquid

Fort, Ada; Panzardi, Enza; Vignoli, Valerio; Tani, Marco; Landi, Elia; Mugnaini, Marco; Vaccarella, Pietro

doi:10.3390/s21030678

Cited by 21 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The SBO based on op-amp is a VNIC that satisfies the Barkhausen criteria [7]. The SBO or one of its variants, lever oscillators [34][35][36] and active oscillators [37,38], also known as Meacham oscillators [25,39], are frequently presented in the literature. This situation illustrated in Table 1 is well known in the literature and practically does not induce experimental problems as long as the resistance value R 1 does not change during a set of experiments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the transition to semiconductor devices, the op-amp is extensively used in analog electronics and is today an electronic circuit frequently used in the front-end interface for any type of electrical sensor. For example, in an active method for QCM sensors based on an oscillator, the op-amps are also commonly used [25]. The op-amp conforms to the input-output relationship:…”

Section: Regenerative Ring-down Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At serial resonance frequency (ω r ) of the QCM sensor, the impedance of its motional branch is pure real Z QCM (ω r ) = R m , and in this situation at the borderline (Barkhausen criteria), where VNIC becomes the standard bridge oscillator (SBO) [25], we can write:…”

Section: Regenerative Ring-down Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Study on Regenerative Quartz Crystal Microbalance

Burda

2022

Chemosensors

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The quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) represented a substantial breakthrough in the use of the QCM sensor in diverse applications ranging from environmental monitoring to biomedical diagnostics. To obtain the required selectivity and sensitivity of a volatile organic compounds (VOC) sensor, it is necessary to coat the QCM sensor with a sensing film. As the QCM sensor is coated with the sensing film, an increase in the dissipation factor occurs, resulting in a shorter and shorter ring-down time. This decrease in ring-down time makes it difficult to implement the QCM-D method in an economical and portable configuration from the perspective of large-scale applications. To compensate for this effect, a regenerative method is proposed by which the damping effect produced by the sensing film is eliminated. In this sense, a regenerative circuit as an extension to a virtual instrument is proposed to validate the experimental method. The simulation of the ring-down time for the QCM sensor in the air considering the effect of the added sensing film, followed by the basic theoretical concepts of the regenerative method and the experimental results obtained, are analyzed in detail in this paper.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Regenerative Ring-down Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Study on Regenerative Quartz Crystal Microbalance

Burda

2022

Chemosensors

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“…Based on the measurement of the dissipation parameter (QCM-D), the viscoelastic and conformational properties of the sample [19] are also monitored. Traditionally, the QCM sensor was based on an oscillator circuit [20] that was largely replaced by passive interrogation methods as is impedance analysis (QCMI) [21,22] and ringdown (QCM-D) [23][24][25]. The methods regularly found in the literature focus exclusively on improving the accuracy of resonant frequency and the dissipation factor measurement of the QCM sensor as very valuable parameters for evaluating the properties of samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Impedance Analysis Based on Virtual Instruments: Experimental Study

Burda

2022

Sensors

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The impedance quartz crystal microbalance (QCMI) is a versatile and simple method for making accurate measurements of the QCM sensor electrical parameters. The QCM sensor provides access to the physical parameters of the sample beyond the mass per unit area by measuring the dissipation factor, or another equivalent, ensuring a detailed analysis of the surface. By establishing a cooperative relationship between custom software and modular configurable hardware we obtain a user-defined measurement system that is called a virtual instrument. This paper aims primarily to improve and adapt existing concepts to new electronics technologies to obtain a fast and accurate virtual impedance analyzer (VIA). The second is the implementation of a VIA by software to cover a wide range of measurements for the impedance of the QCM sensor, followed by the calculation of the value of lumped electrical elements in real time. A method for software compensation of the parallel and stray capacitance is also described. The development of a compact VIA with a decent measurement rate (192 frequency points per second) aims, in the next development steps, to create an accurate impedance analyzer for QCM sensors. The experimental results show the good working capacity of QCMI based on VIA.

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“…The use of QCM has some consolidated application fields but is still a subject for many research works aiming at improving performance from different points of view. In particular, the most active research topics, nowadays, concern the application of QCMs in reproductive medicine and point-of-case diagnostics [ 13 , 14 , 15 ], and the use of novel sensing layer material, the development of new applications and of new models for the interpretation of measurement data and the design of improved measurement systems and techniques [ 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for the Accurate Measurement of the Resonance Frequency in QCM-D Systems via Low-Cost Digital Techniques

Addabbo

Fort

Landi

et al. 2022

Sensors

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In this paper, an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array)-based digital architecture for the measurement of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) oscillating frequency of transient responses, i.e., in QCM-D (QCM and Dissipation) applications, is presented. The measurement system is conceived for operations in liquid, with short QCM transient responses due to the large mechanical load. The proposed solution allows for avoiding the complex processing systems typically required by the QCM-D techniques and grants frequency resolutions better than 1 ppm. The core of the architecture is a reciprocal digital frequency meter, combined with the preprocessing of the QCM signal through mixing operations, such as a step-down of the input frequency and reducing the measurement error. The measurement error is further reduced through averaging. Different strategies are proposed to implement the proposed measurement solution, comprising an all-digital circuit and mixed analog/digital ones. The performance of the proposed architectures is theoretically derived, compared, and analyzed by means of experimental data obtained considering 10 MHz QCMs and 200 ms long transient responses. A frequency resolution of about 240 ppb, which corresponds to a Sauerbrey mass resolution of 8 ng/cm2, is obtained for the all-digital solution, whereas for the mixed solution the resolution halves to 120 ppb, with a measurement time of about one second over 100 repetitions.

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An Adaptive Measurement System for the Simultaneous Evaluation of Frequency Shift and Series Resistance of QCM in Liquid

Cited by 21 publications

References 28 publications

A Study on Regenerative Quartz Crystal Microbalance

A Study on Regenerative Quartz Crystal Microbalance

Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Impedance Analysis Based on Virtual Instruments: Experimental Study

Strategies for the Accurate Measurement of the Resonance Frequency in QCM-D Systems via Low-Cost Digital Techniques

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