“…Evaluation of student understanding, engagement and academic integrity Three articles reported on student-facing tools that evaluate student understanding of concepts (Jain, Gurupur, Schroeder, & Faulkenberry, 2014;Zhu, Marquez, & Yoo, 2015) and provide personalised assistance (Samarakou, Fylladitakis, Früh, Hatziapostolou, & Gelegenis, 2015). Hussain et al (2018) used machine learning algorithms to evaluate student engagement in a social science course at the Open University, including final results, assessment scores and the number of clicks that students make in the VLE, which can alert instructors to the need for intervention, and Amigud, Arnedo-Moreno, Daradoumis, and Guerrero-Roldan (2017) used machine learning algorithms to check academic integrity, by assessing the likelihood of student work being similar to their other work.…”