An algal enzyme required for biosynthesis of the most abundant marine carotenoids

Dautermann, Oliver; Lyska, Dagmar; Andersen-Ranberg, Johan; Becker, Mary Misko; Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Janine; Gartmann, Hans; Krämer, Liv Celin; Mayr, Katharina; Pieper, D. H.; Rij, L. M.; Wipf, Heidi M.-L.; Niyogi, Krishna; Lohr, Martin

doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw9183

Cited by 54 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…S10b), reinforcing a possible important role of nonphotosynthetic reactions in regulating carotenoid synthesis in diatoms. This novel observation is of much interest to fucoxanthin's debated synthesis pathway (Dautermann et al 2020). Although the nature of these dark processes remains to be investigated, they hint at a complex and active metabolism in darkness (Kennedy et al 2019), likely facilitating photochemistry engagement upon reillumination (Lacour et al 2019;Morin et al 2020).…”

Section: Strong Xanthophyll Content Modulations Drive Open-water Specmentioning

confidence: 87%

Contrasting nonphotochemical quenching patterns under high light and darkness aligns with light niche occupancy in Arctic diatoms

Croteau

Guérin

Bruyant

et al. 2020

Limnology & Oceanography

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Over the seasons, Arctic diatom species occupy shifting habitats defined by contrasting light climates, constrained by snow and ice cover dynamics interacting with extreme photoperiod and solar angle variations. How Arctic diatom photoadaptation strategies differ across their heterogeneous light niches remains a poorly documented but crucial missing link to anticipate Arctic Ocean responses to shrinking sea-ice and increasing light. To address this question, we selected five Arctic diatom species with diverse life traits, representative of distinct light niches across the seasonal light environment continuum: from snow-covered dimly lit bottom ice to summer stratified waters. We studied their photoacclimation plasticity to two growth light levels and the subsequent responses of their nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) and xanthophyll cycle to both dark incubations and light shifts. We deciphered NPQ and xanthophyll cycle tuning in darkness and their light-dependent induction kinetics, which aligned with species' light niche occupancy. In ice-related species, NPQ was sustained in darkness and its induction was more reactive to moderate light shifts. Open-water species triggered strong NPQ induction in darkness and reached higher maximal NPQ under high light. Marginal ice zone species showed strong adaptation to light fluctuations with a dark response fine-tuned depending upon light history. We argue these traits are anchored in diverging photoadaption strategies fostering Arctic diatom success in their respective light niches.

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Section: Strong Xanthophyll Content Modulations Drive Open-water Specmentioning

confidence: 87%

Contrasting nonphotochemical quenching patterns under high light and darkness aligns with light niche occupancy in Arctic diatoms

Croteau

Guérin

Bruyant

et al. 2020

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…In the case of algae, recently, Dautermann et al [85] reported a new enzyme violaxanthin de-epoxide-like (VDL), which is responsible for the conversion of violaxanthin to neoxanthin. They also reported that VDL is also involved in the synthesis of peridinin and vaucheriaxanthin.…”

Section: Biosynthesis Of Xanthophyllsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosynthesis and extraction of high-value carotenoid from algae

Gupta

Seth²,

Maheshwari

et al. 2021

Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed)

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Algae possess a considerable potential as bio-refinery for the scale-up production of high-value natural compounds like—carotenoids. Carotenoids are accessory pigments in the light-harvesting apparatus and also act as antioxidants and photo-protectors in green cells. They play important roles for humans, like—precursors of vitamin A, reduce the risk of some cancers, helps in the prevention of age-related diseases, cardiovascular diseases, improve skin health, and stimulates immunity. To date, about 850 types of natural carotenoid compounds have been reported and they have approximated 1.8 billion US$ of global market value. In comparison to land plants, there are few reports on biosynthetic pathways and molecular level regulation of algal carotenogenesis. Recent advances of algal genome sequencing, data created by high-throughput technologies and transcriptome studies, enables a better understanding of the origin and evolution of de novo carotenoid biosynthesis pathways in algae. Here in this review, we focused on, the biochemical and molecular mechanism of carotenoid biosynthesis in algae. Additionally, structural features of different carotenoids are elaborated from a chemistry point of view. Furthermore, current understandings of the techniques designed for pigment extraction from algae are reviewed. In the last section, applications of different carotenoids are elucidated and the growth potential of the global market value of carotenoids are also discussed.

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“…The Phaeodactylum tricornutum genome contains multiple genes that are related to the VDE and ZEP genes in plants 25 . One gene ‘VDE’, also named the Diadinoxanthin De-Epoxidation (DDE) enzyme is closely related to the VDE in plants and is probably the main Ddx (and Vx) de-epoxidation enzyme in P. tricornutum 26 , 27 . Also two ‘VDE-like’ (VDL) and two ‘VDE-related’ (VDR) enzymes are present from which the VDL1 and VDL2, probably do not contribute to the xanthophyll cycle, but are rather involved in de novo pigment synthesis 27 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One gene ‘VDE’, also named the Diadinoxanthin De-Epoxidation (DDE) enzyme is closely related to the VDE in plants and is probably the main Ddx (and Vx) de-epoxidation enzyme in P. tricornutum 26 , 27 . Also two ‘VDE-like’ (VDL) and two ‘VDE-related’ (VDR) enzymes are present from which the VDL1 and VDL2, probably do not contribute to the xanthophyll cycle, but are rather involved in de novo pigment synthesis 27 . Three different ZEP genes (ZEP1-3) are found in P. tricornutum 25 which seem to be differentially expressed 28 , 29 , but their relative activity in diatoxanthin epoxidation are not known to date 30 , 31 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The fine-tuning of NPQ in diatoms relies on the regulation of both xanthophyll cycle enzymes

Blommaert

Chafai

Bailleul

2021

Sci Rep

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Diatoms possess an efficient mechanism to dissipate photons as heat in conditions of excess light, which is visualized as the Non-Photochemical Quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence (NPQ). In most diatom species, NPQ is proportional to the concentration of the xanthophyll cycle pigment diatoxanthin formed from diadinoxanthin by the diadinoxanthin de-epoxidase enzyme. The reverse reaction is performed by the diatoxanthin epoxidase. Despite the xanthophyll cycle’s central role in photoprotection, its regulation is not yet well understood. The proportionality between diatoxanthin and NPQ allowed us to calculate the activity of both xanthophyll cycle enzymes in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum from NPQ kinetics. From there, we explored the light-dependency of the activity of both enzymes. Our results demonstrate that a tight regulation of both enzymes is key to fine-tune NPQ: (i) the rate constant of diadinoxanthin de-epoxidation is low under a light-limiting regime but increases as photosynthesis saturates, probably due to the thylakoidal proton gradient ΔpH (ii) the rate constant of diatoxanthin epoxidation exhibits an optimum under low light and decreases in the dark due to an insufficiency of the co-factor NADPH as well as in higher light through an as yet unresolved inhibition mechanism, that is unlikely to be related to the ΔpH. We observed that the suppression of NPQ by an uncoupler was due to an accelerated diatoxanthin epoxidation enzyme rather than to the usually hypothesized inhibition of the diadinoxanthin de-epoxidation enzyme.

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An algal enzyme required for biosynthesis of the most abundant marine carotenoids

Cited by 54 publications

References 75 publications

Contrasting nonphotochemical quenching patterns under high light and darkness aligns with light niche occupancy in Arctic diatoms

Contrasting nonphotochemical quenching patterns under high light and darkness aligns with light niche occupancy in Arctic diatoms

Biosynthesis and extraction of high-value carotenoid from algae

The fine-tuning of NPQ in diatoms relies on the regulation of both xanthophyll cycle enzymes

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