“…The appearance of higher-order structures, i.e., simplicial complexes, in networks is suitably studied by Q-analysis [41][42][43] based on the algebraic topology of graphs [44][45][46]. In the clique complex method [47,48] that we use here, the elementary geometrical descriptors of the network structure are identified as cliques of different orders q = 0, 1, 2 · · · q max , i.e., nodes, links, triangles, tetrahedra and higher-order cliques up to the largest size q max + 1 that occurs in the network.…”