An All-in-One Solid State Thin-Layer Potentiometric Sensor and Biosensor Based on Three-Dimensional Origami Paper Microfluidics

Abstract

An origami three-dimensional design of a paper-based potentiometric sensor is described. In its simplest form, this electrochemical paper-based analytical device (ePAD) is made from three small parts of the paper. Paper layers are folded on each other for the integration of a solid contact ion selective electrode (here a carbon-paste composite electrode) and a solid-state pseudo-reference electrode (here writing pencil 6B on the paper), which are in contact with a hydrophilic channel fabricated on the middle part (third part) of the paper. In this case, the pseudo-reference and working electrodes are connected to the two sides of the hydrophilic channel and hence the distance between them is as low as the width of paper. The unmodified carbon paste electrode (UCPE) and modification with the crown ether benzo15-crown-5 (B15C5) represented a very high sensitivity to Cu (II) and Cd2+ ions, respectively. The sensor responded to H2O2 using MnO2-doped carbon paste electrode (CPE). Furthermore, a biosensor was achieved by the addition of glucose oxidase to the MnO2-doped CPE and hence made it selective to glucose with ultra-sensitivity. In addition to very high sensitivity, our device benefits from consuming a very low volume of sample (10.0 µL) and automatic sampling without need for sampling devices.

Flexible Sensors for Hydrogen Peroxide Detection: A Critical Review

“…70 Pesaran et al developed a microfluidic electrochemical paper-based device (ePAD) to detect hydrogen peroxide. 27 The ePAD was built by creating hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas on filter paper, which was then folded including modified carbon paste electrodes. Then, the variation in potential after the addition of H 2 O 2 is measured.…”

“…By selecting the specific redox peak of an analyte as the applied potential, the amperometric sensor can selectively target that specific analyte. The characteristic anodic peak of hydrogen peroxide in a phosphate buffer solution (PBS) measured via cyclic voltammetry can vary from −1.2 V, measured with a cadmium oxide nanoparticle (NP) modified electrode, to 0.98 V, measured with a gold NP modified indium tin oxide electrode. , Other common electrochemical H 2 O 2 sensors are potentiometric, chemiresistive, and impedimetric, , while colorimetric sensors can include chemiluminescent and photoluminescent (which includes fluorescent and phosphorescent sensors). Although colorimetric sensors can achieve detection limits as low as 500 nM, as in the case of Senthamizhan et al sensor, they are not suitable for in situ quantitative measurement.…”

A Paper-Based Electrochemical Sensor Based on PtNP/COFTFPB−DHzDS@rGO for Sensitive Detection of Furazolidone

“…Electrochemical paper-based analytical devices usually consist of a three-electrode setup integrated into a paper substrate, offering several benefits, such as reduced consumption of reagents and samples, portability, low cost, and availability of the raw material. They are widely used in various fields [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

Cr2O3–TiO2-Modified Filter Paper-Based Portable Nanosensors for Optical and Colorimetric Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide

“…Filter paper-based sensors could meet the current objectives of a viable low-cost and portable device in addition to offering high sensitivity and selectivity and multiple analyte discrimination. 35 Recently, filter paper has drawn much interest as a potential material for sensors and devices in analytical and clinical chemistry because of its versatility, high abundance, and low cost. 36 These analytical devices can be integrated in a manner that is flexible, portable, disposable, and easy to operate.…”

“…Therefore, in the current strategy, biomimetic Cr 2 O 3 –TiO 2 was synthesized for the first time as a nanozyme for H 2 O 2 detection using a filter paper. Filter paper-based sensors could meet the current objectives of a viable low-cost and portable device in addition to offering high sensitivity and selectivity and multiple analyte discrimination . Recently, filter paper has drawn much interest as a potential material for sensors and devices in analytical and clinical chemistry because of its versatility, high abundance, and low cost .…”