An alternate test procedure to qualify future fuels for Navy aircraft

Moses, C. A.; Sefer, N.R.; Valtierra, M. L.

doi:10.2514/6.1982-1233

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The effect of fuel composition on emissions has been part of many studies. Compared to the aromatics present in fuel that has been identified as compounds that primarily influence the tendency to form soot [29-32, 4, 5, 17, 2, 23] the fuel hydrogen content has been considered a more fundamental parameter that is independent of molecular structure [33][34][35]23]. Most of the studies identify the aromatic content of the fuel to be correlated to the emissions [4,5,8,19,18,36].…”

Section: Background -Fuel Property Effects On Soot Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other criteria that showed relationship to emissions are hydrogen content or H/C ratio of fuel [33-35, 4, 20, 11]. The H/C ratio criterion is disputed in the literature: It has been found to correlate in some studies [33][34][35] whereas the trend of PM emissions to H/C ratio was found to be inconsistent by others [38,23]. This is not surprising as complexity of fuel composition also implies complexity in assessing their influence on the emissions.…”

Section: Background -Fuel Property Effects On Soot Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Predicting the soot emission tendency of real fuels – A relative assessment based on an empirical formula

Kathrotia

Riedel

2020

Fuel

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Section: Background -Fuel Property Effects On Soot Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Background -Fuel Property Effects On Soot Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting the soot emission tendency of real fuels – A relative assessment based on an empirical formula

Kathrotia

Riedel

2020

Fuel

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“…This comparison is shown in Figure 2. aromatics have been identified as compounds that primarily influence the tendency to form soot aerosol during combustion 45,46 , although it has long been suggested that fuel hydrogen content may be a more fundamental parameter that is independent of molecular structure 58,59 .…”

Section: Properties Of Test Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas Turbine Engine Nonvolatile Particulate Matter Mass Emissions: Correlation with Smoke Number for Conventional and Alternative Fuel Blends

Christie

Lobo

Lee

et al. 2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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This study evaluates the relationship between the emissions parameters of smoke number (SN) and mass concentration of nonvolatile particulate matter (nvPM) in the exhaust of a gas turbine engine for a conventional Jet A-1 and a number of alternative fuel blends. The data demonstrate the significant impact of fuel composition on the emissions and highlight the magnitude of the fuel-induced uncertainty for both SN within the Emissions Data Bank as well as nvPM mass within the new regulatory standard under development. Notwithstanding these substantial differences, the data show that correlation between SN and nvPM mass concentration still adheres to the first order approximation (FOA3), and this agreement is maintained over a wide range of fuel compositions. Hence, the data support the supposition that the FOA3 is applicable to engines burning both conventional and alternative fuel blends without adaptation or modification. The chemical composition of the fuel is shown to impact mass and number concentration as well as geometric mean diameter of the emitted nvPM; however, the data do not support assertions that the emissions of black carbon with small mean diameter will result in significant deviations from FOA3.

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“…[8][9][10][11][13][14] The approach in this investigation was to understand changes in the swell as the nitrile elastomer was switched back and forth between current fuels containing aromatics and the S-5 fuel blends with surrogate aromatics. (Note: The effect switching the four coupons on the 230 mL sample composition was not evaluated in this effort.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elastomer Impact When Switch-Loading Synthetic Fuel Blends and Petroleum Fuels

Muzzell¹,

Sattler²,

Terry³

et al. 2006

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When some elastomer (rubber) compounds, and specifically those used for seals in fuel-wetted components of vehicles and equipment, are suddenly "switch-loaded" from a fuel of given composition to one of a somewhat different composition, swell/shrink issues relating to seal performance may arise, possibly leading to fuel leakage. The key objective of this study was to evaluate what happens to the elastomers with sudden switches from a conventional (petroleum-derived) fuel to a synthetic (non-aromatic) paraffinic fuel produced from natural gas using gas-to-liquids (GTL) and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis processes with or without surrogate aromatics. Results from this evaluation indicate that, for the nitrile elastomers evaluated, relatively large swings in swell occur with switches between fuels of varying levels of aromatic content and the synthetic aviation turbine fuel containing no aromatics. These observations support the conclusion that impact on the nitrile elastomer when switch-loading synthetic (non-aromatic) and petroleum-derived fuel, is highly dependent on aromatic hydrocarbon type and concentration.elastomer compatibility, Fischer-Tropsch, GTL, synthetic fuel, gas-to-liquid, coal-to-liquid, CTL, biomass-to-liquid, BTL, swelling, Problems and ObjectivesIssues with seal performance may arise and possibly lead to fuel leakage when some elastomer (rubber) compounds, particularly those used for seals in liquid fuel-wetted components of vehicles and equipment, are suddenly "switch-loaded" from one kind of fuel to another. Evaluating how these elastomers respond as they are switched back-and-forth between two fuels of different compositions is a key area of study. This type of study is needed to identify potential performance issues that may arise when such fuel switches occur. The overall objective of this study was to simulate how elastomers, found in fuel-wetted components of Army ground and combat vehicles, may respond when switching fuels. In particular, this study evaluates what happens to the elastomers with sudden switches from a conventional or petroleum-derived type of fuel to a synthetic (non aromatic) paraffinic fuel produced from natural gas using gas-to-liquids (GTL) and FischerTropsch (F-T) synthesis processes with or without surrogate aromatics. Studies conducted in 2003 indicate that nitrile elastomers may be particularly sensitive to changes as they are exposed to fuels and that the magnitude and direction of these changes is also dependent on the aromatic content of the fuel. Importance of ProjectThis study was completed under a joint DoD-DoE Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) to conduct collaborative research and development in the assessment of alternative fuels, particularly synthetic military fuel produced from GTL and F-T technology. This project is one of several second year efforts under this MOA to address the potential use of F-T fuels by the military. Technical ApproachTo assess the response of selected elastomers to switches between fuel pairs, coupons and O-rings of the selected e...

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An alternate test procedure to qualify future fuels for Navy aircraft

Cited by 7 publications

References 2 publications

Predicting the soot emission tendency of real fuels – A relative assessment based on an empirical formula

Predicting the soot emission tendency of real fuels – A relative assessment based on an empirical formula

Gas Turbine Engine Nonvolatile Particulate Matter Mass Emissions: Correlation with Smoke Number for Conventional and Alternative Fuel Blends

Elastomer Impact When Switch-Loading Synthetic Fuel Blends and Petroleum Fuels

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