A are dissimilar before puberty, but not after" (p. 185). van Dam's assertion was meant to convey a joking protest against poor readiness among psychoanalytic theorists in accommodating developmental hypotheses to social and cultural change. The quote serves well also to introduce the puzzling "now-you-see-it, nowyou-don't'' quality of gender-related effects in our own experi-These studies were supported by the Magnus Bergvall Foundation and by Grant F24/95 from the Swedish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences. We thank Per Tell for assistance with the genderrelated identification analyses; all experimenters who collected data; and Andreas Birgegard, Lars Backman, and Katja Claesson for valuable input in the planning of the attachment false memory study.