“…As evidence, TIMSS and PISA scores have been equated with the quality of education in different countries (OECD, 2016b;Tucker, 2011;Zhao, 2016c), resulting in strong media and policy reactions around the world (Baird et al, 2016;Dillion, 2010;Figazzolo, 2009;Gruber, 2006;Sellar & Lingard, 2014;Sjøberg, 2015 As evidence, in China, for instance, only subjects tested by the National College Entrance Exam are taken seriously (Yu & Suen, 2015;Zhao, 2014). And the U.S. has witnessed a trend of curriculum narrowing since the enactment of NCLB in the U.S. (Abu-Alhija, 2007;Albrecht & Joles, 2003;Berliner, 2011;Bowen & Rude, 2006;Klenowski, 2011;Klinger & Rogers, 2011;Popham, 2000;Tienken & Zhao, 2013;Towles-Reeves, Garrett, Burdette, & Burdge, 2006;Volante, 2005Volante, , 2006. In surveys of U.S. classrooms in which students were tested on two core subjects (reading and math), classrooms added between 75 and 150 min weekly to each of the two areas.…”