An Analog Computer Simulation for the Distribution of d-Tubocurarine

Fleischli, Gerald; Cohen, Ellis N.

doi:10.1097/00000542-196601000-00010

Cited by 10 publications

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“…Muscle constitute 50 per cent of the body weight 21 and because of the good blood-supply (16-18 per cent of the cardiac output) 21 * M a big share of the injected drug will enter this large tissue mass early. 26 This is noted clinically by the onset of muscle paralysis within 2-3 minutes from a single dose.…”

Section: (B) Muscle Groupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Peak concentration occurs in the liver within 5 minutes, and in the kidney in 90 minutes. 18 At 10 minutes 8 per cent of the drug given is found in the urine, at 30 minutes only 15 per cent but by 24 hours 60-70 per cent 26 According to others 85 per cent is excreted in 7 hours 16 or 75 per cent in 24 hours. Up to 30 minutes, die distribution of D-tubocurarine is not influenced by renal factors.…”

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confidence: 96%

“…(v) Addosis raises the plasma concentration of D-tubocurarine, 4 ' 68 binds more of it to the plasma proteins, (vi) An increased sensitivity to D-tubocurarine 29 occurs in states where the extracellular potassium falls, 26 in dehydration, in muscle diseases, 61 with temperature reduction and with certain drugs, as for instance chlorpromazine. 22 (vii) The intensity and duration of response of the patient to D-tubocurarine is also dependent on its redistribution from the plasma into the body tissues.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…22 (vii) The intensity and duration of response of the patient to D-tubocurarine is also dependent on its redistribution from the plasma into the body tissues. Kalow 86 described three overlapping phases to account for the redistribution and Fleischli and Cohen 26 used a simulated analog computer to calculate these changes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16 At one time it was held that one third of D-tubocurarine was metabolized in the liver but Stead and Andrews * 6 have shown that the liver played no part in this. Small amounts accumulate in the liver and finally about 2 per cent of the injected drug 26 or 11.3 per cent passes unchanged into the bile.…”

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D-tubocurarine dosage based on lean body mass

Wulfsohn

1972

Canad. Anaesth. Soc. J.

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IS A GREAT VARIABILITY in the initial dosage of D-tubocurarine (DTC) recommended for relaxation during general anaesthesia. It varies from a low of .098 mg/Kg* 9 to a high of 1 mg/Kg* 1 . Foldes 29 and Kalow 87 recognized the fact that body build, amongst other factors, would influence the dosage requirement. Muscular patients would require more and fat patients less drug on a mg/Kg of total body weight basis. Long and Bachxnan 44 postulated that the lesser degree of paralysis and quicker recovery from D-tubocurarine in older children as compared to younger children, when given a dosage based on total body weight, probably was due to the difference in muscle mass. In infants muscle represents 20 per cent of body weight, whereas in older children it is 33 per cent.Body build is reflected in the lean body mass (LBM) and percentage fat. In this paper the use of lean body mass instead of total body weight as a predictor of dose is explored-METHOD Thirty-seven adult patients with normal cardio-vascular, respiratory and hepatic systems, and free of known neuromuscular disorders were measured for height (inches), weight (Kg) and girth (inches) using the umbilical level at expiration. The percentage fat and lean body mass was calculated from Weisberg's formula: Premedication consisted of atropine with pentobarbital or meperidine. Induction of anaesthesia was with thiopentone and anaesthesia maintained with nitrous oxide and one of three different anaesthetics, namely, halothane, methoxyflurane or meperidine. The umar nerve was supramaximally stimulated with a Block Aid Monitor (Burroughs Wellcome Co.), placing the subcutaneous needle electrodes near the wrist. Thumb movement was measured by a force displacement transducer (Grass FP 103) and recorded on a Grass Model 7 Polygraph. Endotracheal intubation was performed under relaxation with succinyldicholine which was given in doses of 1 mg/Kg LBM and the depression of twitch and tetanus were followed until full recovery.Artificial ventilation was maintained with an Airshield's Ventilator at an average of 600 ml tidal volume at a rate of 18/min.

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Section: (B) Muscle Groupmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 96%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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D-tubocurarine dosage based on lean body mass

Wulfsohn

1972

Canad. Anaesth. Soc. J.

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Spice simulation of intracellular transport: Free diffusion

Vasilescu

Chen

2011

Asian Journal of Control

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Diffusion is the main mechanism to transport substances (e.g. amino‐acids and proteins) within a cell. In any biological process the number of molecules is too small to satisfy the statistical assumptions implicit in diffusion theory. As an alternative, various methods to simulate diffusion have been developed, which are rather microscopic. Consequently, the time‐scale and volume simulated are forcefully restricted and the final steady‐state cannot be reached. In this paper we propose a macroscopic method, based on the analogy established between diffusing particles and the free electrons moving in a resistor–capacitor (RC) circuit. The purpose of this work is to extend simulation beyond the actual limits of microscopic approaches and thus to obtain additional insight into the essential mechanism of biological systems. Analysis is performed with a publicly‐released package (PSPICE). A procedure to build the electrical model and to fit its parameters is proposed. Simulation yields time‐evolution of particle densities including the final steady‐state and transport efficiency evaluation. Our method equally allows accounting for the presence of a crowded area in the diffusion pathway, the impact of several bursts of fabricated protein, as well as the case of transport simultaneously occurring on many directions. Several examples and a case study are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of our approach. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society

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Pharmaceutical sciences—1966. A literature review

Polli

Ravin²

1967

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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An Analog Computer Simulation for the Distribution of d-Tubocurarine

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

D-tubocurarine dosage based on lean body mass

D-tubocurarine dosage based on lean body mass

Spice simulation of intracellular transport: Free diffusion

Pharmaceutical sciences—1966. A literature review

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