An Analysis of 500 cases of Equine Cryptorchidism

Cox, J. E.; Edwards, Grace; Neal, PA

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1979.tb01321.x

Cited by 45 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…This is inappropriate, and for stallions the separate classification of inguinal and s.c. testes had been advocated by Genetzky (1984). Regardless, stallion testes rarely are s.c. (Cox et al 1979, Rodgerson & Hanson 1997, but rather are within the inguinal canal per se. In humans, however, the majority of undescended testes apparently are 'located in the groin' or 'near the neck of the scrotum or just outside the external inguinal ring' (Hutson et al 1992(Hutson et al , 1997; i.e.…”

Section: Describing Cryptorchidismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptorchidism in common eutherian mammals

2007

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Cryptorchidism is failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. Primary fault lies in the testis. We provide a unifying cross-species interpretation of testis descent and urge the use of precise terminology. After differentiation, a testis is relocated to the scrotum in three sequential phases: abdominal translocation, holding a testis near the internal inguinal ring as the abdominal cavity expands away, along with slight downward migration; transinguinal migration, moving a cauda epididymidis and testis through the abdominal wall; and inguinoscrotal migration, moving a s.c. cauda epididymidis and testis to the bottom of the scrotum. The gubernaculum enlarges under stimulation of insulin-like peptide 3, to anchor the testis in place during gradual abdominal translocation. Concurrently, testosterone masculinizes the genitofemoral nerve. Cylindrical downward growth of the peritoneal lining into the gubernaculum forms the vaginal process, cremaster muscle(s) develop within the gubernaculum, and the cranial suspensory ligament regresses (testosterone not obligatory for latter). Transinguinal migration of a testis is rapid, apparently mediated by intra-abdominal pressure. Testosterone is not obligatory for correct inguinoscrotal migration of testes. However, normally testosterone stimulates growth of the vaginal process, secretion of calcitonin gene-related peptide by the genitofemoral nerve to provide directional guidance to the gubernaculum, and then regression of the gubernaculum and constriction of the inguinal canal. Cryptorchidism is more common in companion animals, pigs, or humans (2-12%) than in cattle or sheep (%1%). Laboratory animals rarely are cryptorchid. In respect to non-scrotal locations, abdominal testes predominate in cats, dogs, and horses. Inguinal testes predominate in rabbits, are common in horses, and occasionally are found in cats and dogs. S.c. testes are found in cattle, cats and dogs, but are most common in humans.

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Section: Describing Cryptorchidismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptorchidism in common eutherian mammals

2007

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“…Entretanto, outro estudo nacional apontou maior incidência em cavalos sem raça definida, seguida pela Mangalarga e Campolina (Marques, Ferreira, 1987), enquanto pesquisas internacionais citaram a Quarto de Milha (Stickle, Fessler, 1978;Hayes, 1986), animais sem raça definida (Hayes, 1986) e pôneis (Wright, 1960(Wright, , 1963Cox et al, 1979;Hayes, 1986), indicando grande variação entre as raças mais acometidas. É provável que tal distribuição racial nas casuísticas citadas possa ser influenciada pelas raças predominantes nos criatórios, sociedades hípicas e esportivas existentes próximas aos centros de referência onde os animais são atendidos, não significando que seja, necessariamente, mais freqüente nelas.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…O criptorquismo em eqüinos é uma condição relativamente comum e tem particular importância, uma vez que o animal afetado apresenta todas as características de comportamento do garanhão normal (Smith,prevalência de retenção dos testículos à esquerda ou à direita é quase igual (Stickle, Fessler, 1978;Cox et al, 1979). Entretanto, gônadas retidas do lado esquerdo geralmente são abdominais, enquanto as do antímero direito parecem distribuir-se igualmente entre inguinais e abdominais (Stanic, 1960;Stickle, Fessler, 1978;Cox et al, 1979).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Criptorquismo em eqüinos: aspectos clínico-cirúrgicos e determinação da testosterona sérica

Cattelan

Macoris

Barnabé

et al. 2004

Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.

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RESUMOAlguns aspectos clínico-cirúrgicos do criptorquismo foram investigados em 42 eqüinos. A freqüência da afecção foi elevada em cavalos Mangalarga, Quarto de Milha e sem raça definida que, em conjunto, totalizaram 73,8% dos casos. O criptorquismo abdominal (64,3%) predominou sobre o inguinal (35,7%). A retenção unilateral ocorreu na maioria dos casos (95,2%), com prevalência do criptorquismo abdominal unilateral esquerdo (45,2%). Também foi determinada a concentração da testosterona sérica em seis garanhões normais (grupo I) em plena atividade sexual (grupo-controle) e em 10 criptórquios (grupos II e III, respectivamente, cinco abdominais e cinco inguinais). A dosagem da testosterona sérica não revelou diferença (P>0,05) entre os três grupos. Os achados indicam que a produção desse hormônio permanece inalterada no criptórquio, justificando seu comportamento sexual, semelhante ao do garanhão normal. Palavras-chave: criptorquismo, testosterona, eqüino ABSTRACT

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“…Unlike in cattle and horses, where the left testicle is more commonly retained intra-abdominally, goats show a predilection for retaining the right testicle (Cox and others 1979, Gilbert and Fubini 2004). …”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Laparoscopic castration in a cryptorchid pygmy goat

Rutherford

Finding

2009

Veterinary Record

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UNDESCENDED testes are rare in ruminants (Gilbert and Fubini 2004), although they have been reported in dwarf goats (Ezeasor and Singh 1987). Unlike in cattle and horses, where the left testicle is more commonly retained intra-abdominally, goats show a predilection for retaining the right testicle (Cox and others 1979, Gilbert andFubini 2004).For certain procedures, laparoscopy offers significant advantages over open surgery. Incisions are smaller, resulting in reduced postoperative pain; there is a decreased risk of incision-related complications, intraoperative visualisation is improved, manipulation of viscera is reduced and convalescence is shorter (Walmsley 1999, Klohnen 2002. This short communication reports laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in a pygmy goat.A four-month-old, entire male pygmy goat kid weighing 11·4 kg was presented for castration. The left testicle was present in the scrotum, but the right testicle could not be palpated in the scrotum or inguinal region. The goat was sedated with 0·01 mg/kg intravenous xylazine (Rompun 2%; Bayer) to allow jugular venous catheterisation, and 10 mg/kg procaine penicillin (Norocillin; Norbrook) and 2·2 mg/kg flunixin meglumine (Flunixin; Norbrook) were administered intramuscularly.Anaesthesia was induced with 5 mg/kg ketamine (Narketan 10; Vetoquinol) and 0·1 mg/kg intravenous diazepam (Diazepam Injection; Hameln Pharmaceuticals). The kid was held in sternal recumbency and 20 mg lignocaine hydrochloride (Lignol; Arnolds) was applied topically to the larynx. Using a long-bladed laryngoscope, a 4 mm cuffed endotracheal tube was inserted. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane (Isoba; Schering-Plough) in 100 per cent oxygen via a parallel Lack breathing system. Hartmann's solution (Isolec Combi; Arnolds) was administered intravenously at 10 ml/kg per hour. Peripheral oxygen saturation was monitored using a pulse oximeter (Ox 4404; Heska). Anaesthesia was uneventful apart from periods of tachypnoea associated with maximal abdominal distension after insufflation.The kid was placed in dorsal recumbency at 20 degrees in the Trendelenburg position. A 2 cm longitudinal incision was made through the skin and subcutis along the ventral midline at the umbilicus. A blunt teat cannula was inserted through the umbilicus to achieve pneumo peritoneum, and the abdominal cavity was insufflated to effect with a regulated CO 2 canister. The teat cannula was removed and a 12 mm laparoscopic cannula with guarded-blade trocar (Versaport Plus V2; Covidien Autosuture) was inserted. The trocar was replaced with a 58 cm long, 10 mm wide, 30 degree-angled laparoscope (Stortz).The omental sling covered much of the intestines, but the inguinal rings were visible either side of the midline at the caudal ventral abdomen. The intra-abdominal right testicle was located easily, adjacent to the inguinal ring at the caudal extent of the omental sling. Initially, only the shiny white head of the epididymis was visible. Two instrument portals were placed under visual control 5 cm to the left and ri...

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An Analysis of 500 cases of Equine Cryptorchidism

Cited by 45 publications

References 3 publications

Cryptorchidism in common eutherian mammals

Cryptorchidism in common eutherian mammals

Criptorquismo em eqüinos: aspectos clínico-cirúrgicos e determinação da testosterona sérica

Laparoscopic castration in a cryptorchid pygmy goat

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