An Analysis of Behaviour Sequences in Automeris Aurantiaca Weym (Lepidoptera)

Characterization of Molting Process during the Different Developmental Stages of the Diamondback Moth Plutella xylostella

“…After eclosion, P. xylostella can expand its wing at any surface; a hanging position is not necessary. Some species, for example, H. zea , need to cling to a villous surface in a hanging position for wing expansion [ 14 ], and A. aurantiaca climb upwards to a certain place before wing expansion [ 13 ]. P. xylostella holds its wings erectly after horizontal expansion without holding rigidly in a horizontal position, just like that in M. sexta [ 5 ], while D. abietella first holds its wings rigidly in a horizontal position after expansion, then vertically over the abdomen [ 12 ].…”

“…The molting process of Manduca sexta [ 3 , 4 , 5 ] and Bombyx mori [ 6 ], two lepidopteran model insects, have been intensively studied in different developmental stages, including larval–larval (L-L) ecdysis, larval–pupal (L-P) metamorphosis, and adult eclosion. Several studies also have described the molting process in other non-model lepidopteran insects, such as the L-P metamorphosis of Heliothis virescens [ 7 ], the L-L ecdysis and L-P metamorphosis of Pseudoplusia includens [ 8 ] and Trichoplusia ni [ 9 ], the pupal development of Antheraea pernyi [ 10 ], the eclosion of Hyalophora cecropia [ 11 ] and Dioryctria abietella [ 12 ], and the post-eclosion behavior of Automeris aurantiaca [ 13 ], Dioryctria abietella [ 12 ], and Heliothis zea [ 14 ]. Their molting processes have been described by the presence of morphological characters and behavioral sequences, though with minor differences.…”