An Analysis of Cell‐wall Extension*

Lockhart, James A.; Bretz, Charles F.; Kenner, R. A.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1967.tb33998.x

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The permanent strain e p was enhanced more by FC than the elastic strain e e i; this agrees with other results (/, 2, 11,14) which showed that the "plasticity" of the tissues increased more with increasing growth than the "elasticity".…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…No close correlations have been found between rheological parameter data and collocyte bundle elongation. Although frozenthawed and living tissues exhibited similar rheological behavior (8,15), rheological tests reduced the cross area of the samples while normal growth did not (11). On the other hand, the stress state in the creep test was not identical to that appearing during normal growth.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

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Growth and rheological changes of collenchyma cells: The fusicoccin effect

1979

Plant and Cell Physiology

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Fusicoccin enhanced the growth of collocytes from Apium Gravtolens petioles and modified the rheological parameters tested. But these changes do not sufficiently explain the variations of the cell wall extension. Such effects are discussed. Key words: Cell wall -Fusicoccin -Growth -pH Effect -Rheology -Wall extension.Fusicoccin (FC), a diterpene glucoside, promoted the elongation of various organs within minutes of application (12,13,26). Such action was similar to the effect of low pH and auxin on cell growth. FC has been reported to increase the proton concentration in the cell wall. The similar action of FC, low pH, and auxin on growth (3,4,24) may explain the primary action of auxin; the hypothesis presented (7, 23) is discussed in references {16, 27,29).Collenchyma is a choice material for testing cell wall extension and rheology during growth processes (8, 9). The rheology (including rheological parameters and the effect low pH on extension rate) of isolated collocyte bundles has been shown to change during growth and differentiation of the tissues. In order to test only the interactions between growth and the rheology of the collocyte walls, we decided to use FC. This substance can stimulate growth, while biphasic auxin responses suggest that the auxin action may consist of at least two stages (16,17,28). It has also been shown that the FC effect is not reduced by some inhibitors, e.g., abscisic acid (19,21). Changes of extensibility and induced growth have been also reported for isolated collocyte bundles incubated 4 hr in a solution containing auxin (20). But collenchyma can undergo passive growth, like the epidermis (25), being extended by the other tissues of the organs. Thus, the growth behavior of collocytes isolated from the petiole or naturally associated with it could be different. Collocyte walls prepared from intact collenchyma bundles, inside the petiole itself, were used in this study. Materials and methodsPlants of Apium Graveolens were cultivated in a greenhouse (under controlled temperature and humidity). High-and low-growing petioles (see 9) were detached from the shoot and washed in a beaker with distilled water. After alcohol sterilization, the basal part of the petiole (9) was cut, the initial length of the collocyte

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Growth and rheological changes of collenchyma cells: The fusicoccin effect

1979

Plant and Cell Physiology

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“…Thus, both irreversible andl elastic changes in the surface area and volume of the tissue segment coulid be calculated and related to the total change in length and work required for deformation. These iparameters provide a much more complete picture of tissue deformation than the measure of length alone (8). The relative changes in area and volume of tissue segments were calculated ifrom the relationships: dA/A = dl/l + dr/r and dV/V = dl/l + 2(dr/r), where cylinder volume is denoted by V, lateral suirface area by A, length by I and radiuis by r.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From these results it is concluded that the irreversible deformation of mung bean hvpocotyl tissue occurs by plastic deformation rather than by viscous flow. Thus, the :rreversible deformation occurred as a result of breaking cross-links of a cross-linked polymer system.It is now well established that elongation of plant stem, hypocotyl and coleoptile tissues occurs as a result of the hydrostatic pressure within the cell together with the physical yield of the cell wall (4,6,8,9,10,12). Normally, the rate of wall deformation is a function of the rates of the metabolic processes that act on the cell wall and of the turgor pressure existing within the cell.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This will allow the metabolic processe-s that act on the twall to continue without concurrent wall yield. After incubation for an appropriate time the physical properties can be measured under known applied forces (hydrostatic or meChanical forces) (4,8,9). For the present studies the hydrostatic pressure was reduced by incubation in approximately isotonic mannitol solutions.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Physical Nature of Irreversible Deformation of Plant Cells

Lockhart

1967

Plant Physiol.

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Summary. Etiolated mung bean hypocotvl segments were incubated in 0.25 M mannitol solutions with indoleacetic acid. They were then deformed mechanically with a longitudinal tensile force at a constant strain rate. The mnagnitudes of the mechanical forces were comparable to those of the hydrostatic forces existing in normally growing, tissues. Each segment was repeatedly deformed and returned to zero force. The total deformation was increased at each cycle.The irreversible and elastic changes in length and diameter were measured for each deformation and the changes in surface area and volume calculated. In addition the applied stress and the iwork of irreversible and of elastic deformation were determined as functions of deformation.It was found that irreversible elongation, irreverslible change in surface area and total change in surface area all were linear functions of total imposed elongation. However, very little change in volume occurred during the deformations.The work of irreversible deformation was found to be independent of temperature between 80 and 250. It was also virtually independent of rate of deformation measured over a 5-fold range of deformation rates. From these results it is concluded that the irreversible deformation of mung bean hvpocotyl tissue occurs by plastic deformation rather than by viscous flow. Thus, the :rreversible deformation occurred as a result of breaking cross-links of a cross-linked polymer system.It is now well established that elongation of plant stem, hypocotyl and coleoptile tissues occurs as a result of the hydrostatic pressure within the cell together with the physical yield of the cell wall (4,6,8,9,10,12). Normally, the rate of wall deformation is a function of the rates of the metabolic processes that act on the cell wall and of the turgor pressure existing within the cell. The turgor pressure is, in turn, a function of the osmotic pressure of the tissue and the water conduictivity of the system (7).The effects of whatever metabolic processes are necessary to maintain cell wall deformability mav be studied by measuring the changes that occur in the physical properties of the walls as a result of this metabolic action. In order to separate the metabolic effects and the deformation process the turgor pressure can be reduced. This will allow the metabolic processe-s that act on the twall to continue without concurrent wall yield. After incubation for an appropriate time the physical properties can be measured under known applied forces (hydrostatic or meChanical forces) (4,8,9). For the present studies the hydrostatic pressure was reduced by incubation in approximately isotonic mannitol solutions.

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Auxin-induced cell elongation and cell wall changes

Masuda

1990

Bot Mag Tokyo

135

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An Analysis of Cell‐wall Extension*

Cited by 16 publications

References 15 publications

Growth and rheological changes of collenchyma cells: The fusicoccin effect

Growth and rheological changes of collenchyma cells: The fusicoccin effect

Physical Nature of Irreversible Deformation of Plant Cells

Auxin-induced cell elongation and cell wall changes

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