An analysis of ice growth and temperature dynamics in two Canadian subarctic lakes

Rafat, Arash; Pour, Homa Kheyrollah; Spence, Christopher; Palmer, Michael; MacLean, Alex

doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2023.103808

Cited by 13 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Conductive heat flux q ice through ice can be estimated using the one-dimensional Fourier thermal equation q ice = −λ ice ∂T/∂z, where ∂T/∂z is the temperature gradient in the ice ( • C/m), and λ ice is the thermal conductivity of ice [21]. However, it should be borne in mind that the vertical temperature profiles in ice changes both during the day and on the synoptic time scale due to air temperature changes and precipitation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it should be borne in mind that the vertical temperature profiles in ice changes both during the day and on the synoptic time scale due to air temperature changes and precipitation. Due to the decrease in the amplitude of diurnal temperature fluctuations in the ice sheet with depth, as well as their phase delay, a non-monotonic vertical temperature distribution is formed in ice sheets [19,21]. Accordingly, the calculation of the temperature profile within the ice and the assessment of the temperature gradient directly at the interface of ice with water in the general case is a difficult task [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Estimations of heat flux q w from water to ice also remain challenging. Here, one of the methods is based on using the growth rate of black ice and the value of the vertical temperature gradient measured in the ice [16,21]. Assuming that the temperature in the ice changes in proportion to the distance from the boundary (linearly), the heat flux q w can be estimated from the heat balance equation at the lower ice boundary [16] by using Stefan's relation (see Formula (2) below).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such measurements are possible when sounding the sub-ice water layer with highly sensitive instruments [26,27]. One of the disadvantages of this method is the discreteness of the obtained estimates over time: separate measurements during the winter season do not allow for the estimation of the small-scale variability of the heat flux at the water-ice boundary, depending on synoptic and other conditions [18,21,25]. In addition, sounding is carried out only in the water column, while the temperature of the black ice remains unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…that are necessary for the model calculation of the seasonal ice evolution, including its thickness. The list of such measuring systems includes SIMBA (Snow and Ice Mass Balance Array) [21,[28][29][30], ASLIM (The autonomous system for lake ice monitoring) [22], and FROS (a floating remote observation system) [31]. Other variants of such systems are also known [16,25,32,33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Calculation of Black Ice Thickness and Heat Fluxes inside the Ice and at the Water–Ice Boundary in a Boreal Lake

Bogdanov,

Palshin,

Zdorovennov

et al. 2023

Limnological Review

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This paper presents the results of the calculation of black ice thickness, as well as conductive heat fluxes inside the ice and at the water–ice boundary during the winter in the shallow boreal Lake Vendyurskoe (Russia). The calculation was carried out on the basis of experimental data obtained from a thermistor chain with nine sensors, five of which were successively frozen into the black ice during the winter of 1995–1996. Data processing was carried out by two methods, whose novelty lay in the simultaneous use of the temperature series of two sensors frozen into the ice and those that were in the water column directly under the lower ice boundary. The resulting estimates of black ice growth rates varied widely: maximum values (up to 8.5 mm/day) were observed in December during first month of ice period, with an average growth rate of 3.4 mm/day from December to the end of February. The heat flux in the black ice sheet varied significantly over synoptic time intervals; the highest values (up to 40 W/m2) were observed during the first two weeks of measurements, then a downward trend was noted, to values of ~10 W/m2. Black ice was isothermal from the end of February to the end of April due to the release of water on the ice surface after heavy snowfall. During this period the heat flux inside the black ice was zero, and there was no increase in black ice thickness. The calculation of the water–ice heat flux gives results that are very sensitive to both measurement limitations and the variability of external parameters. However, the estimates of this flux for moments in time when the sensors were frozen in the ice are values 1–2 W/m2, which are quite close to the previous estimates for Lake Vendyurskoe. The limitations of the presented method are related to the thermal inertia of black ice and make it possible to calculate of ice thickness with a time delay of several days. To quantify the effects of thermal inertia of ice, a model problem of heat propagation in the ice sheet is considered for the case of periodic temperature changes at its upper boundary. The attenuation of the amplitude and the delay of a heat wave during its propagation in the ice are estimated, and accordingly, the conditions, under which the temperature profile in the ice sheet is close to linear, are analyzed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Calculation of Black Ice Thickness and Heat Fluxes inside the Ice and at the Water–Ice Boundary in a Boreal Lake

Bogdanov,

Palshin,

Zdorovennov

et al. 2023

Limnological Review

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Snow removal cools a small dystrophic lake

Dugan,

Ladwig,

Schramm

et al. 2024

Limnol Oceanogr Letters

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Limnological understanding of the role snow plays in under‐ice thermal dynamics is mainly based on studies of clear‐water lakes. Very little is known about the role snow plays in the thermal dynamics of dystrophic lakes. We conducted a whole lake experiment on a small, 8 m deep dystrophic bog lake in northern Wisconsin, where we removed all snowfall over two consecutive winters. Due to weather variability, only 1 year had predominantly black ice. Under these conditions, the lake rapidly cooled in early and mid‐winter, compared to snow covered conditions that insulated the lake from heat loss. The lake also rapidly gained heat in late winter resulting in isothermal conditions well in advance of ice‐off. These results show how water clarity modulates the influence of snow on under‐ice thermal dynamics, which is relevant to futures with snow droughts.

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Winter and spring movements of anadromous Arctic char: Linking behavior to environmental conditions through an Inuit-led telemetry study

Dubos,

Gillis,

Nassak

et al. 2024

Environ Biol Fish

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An analysis of ice growth and temperature dynamics in two Canadian subarctic lakes

Cited by 13 publications

References 72 publications

Calculation of Black Ice Thickness and Heat Fluxes inside the Ice and at the Water–Ice Boundary in a Boreal Lake

Calculation of Black Ice Thickness and Heat Fluxes inside the Ice and at the Water–Ice Boundary in a Boreal Lake

Snow removal cools a small dystrophic lake

Winter and spring movements of anadromous Arctic char: Linking behavior to environmental conditions through an Inuit-led telemetry study

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