An analysis of lower extremity kinematics in response to perturbations during running using statistical parametric mapping

Unexpected running perturbations: Reliability and validity of a treadmill running protocol with analysis of provoked reflex activity in the lower extremities

“…Data indicate that the trailing leg muscles of VM, BF, and Gmax were particularly active, potentially alluding to proximal muscle firing to alter the position of the entire lower extremity segment, and thereby effectively compensating the perturbation impulses. Recent research utilising the same protocol as the current study but with a different cohort, indicated that the trailing leg was chiefly responsible for kinematic compensations in response to the perturbations ( 27 ). This could appear to contradict the findings of the current study, which found greater muscle activity in the leading limb.…”

“…The protocol was designed to simulate a situation in which a runner might trip whilst running overground, and the perturbations were able to elicit reflex responses with appropriate validity. Whilst the ecological validity of the protocol could be questioned, the experimental design allows for the controlled execution of perturbations within a laboratory setting, which could yield interesting insights into human biomechanics during running ( 27 ). However, the reliability of the experimental setup remains untested, as does the validity of the perturbations executed by indirect triggering.…”

“…Additionally, the mechanism by which humans maintain an upright posture when gait is perturbed is still not fully understood ( 8 ). For instance, the leg directly perturbed is thought to play an active role in compensation ( 19 , 28 ), but the role of the swing trailing leg has received less research attention ( 27 ). A recent study investigated kinematic compensations in response to the identical perturbed running protocol as the one utilised in the present study ( 27 ), and it appears that the swing trailing leg was most involved in the active kinematic compensation and maintenance of postural control.…”

“…For instance, the leg directly perturbed is thought to play an active role in compensation ( 19 , 28 ), but the role of the swing trailing leg has received less research attention ( 27 ). A recent study investigated kinematic compensations in response to the identical perturbed running protocol as the one utilised in the present study ( 27 ), and it appears that the swing trailing leg was most involved in the active kinematic compensation and maintenance of postural control. However, muscle activity was not reported within this trial, which makes it difficult to fully interpret the findings.…”

Scoping Review of One-Dimension Statistical Parametric Mapping in Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis

“…Among these studies, ten focused on the effects of different shoes on running biomechanics, [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] three studies examined specific physical interventions, [19][20][21] three studies assessed various gait modifications, [22][23][24] three evaluated foot biomechanics, [25][26][27] two explored the effects of fatigue, 28,29 and two investigated studies the effects of sex. 30,31 Additionally, single studies examined the effects of different surfaces, 32 hamstring flexibility, 33 pertubations, 34 running with different loads, 35 and the differences between transition running and isolated running in triathlon Table 1). 36 The median number of participants was 17.5 .…”