An Analysis of some Factors Determining the Sporozoite Rates, Human Blood Indexes, and Biting Rates of Members of the Anopheles punctulatus Complex in Papua New Guinea

Dye, Christopher; Graves, Patricia M.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1989.40.229

Cited by 52 publications

(53 citation statements)

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“…In such circumstances & could be a better mea&e of individual level protection over time than the questionnaire response assigned to an individual. Indeed in the nearby Madang province, BURKOT et al (1989) found that the number of bednets in a house provides a better predictor of long-term bednet use than interview data. In principle, apparent coverage effects might therefore simply reflect individual protection together with imperfect measurement of bednet usage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Area effects of bednet use in a malaria-endemic area in Papua New Guinea

Hii

Smith

Vounatsou

et al. 2001

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygi

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Relationships between area coverage with insecticide-free bednets and prevalence of Plusvv~udiumfalcipanrm were investigated in 7 community-based surveys over a 33-month period in 1990-93 in 6 villages in the Wosera area of Papua New Guinea. Spatial patterns in circumsporozoite rates for I? jalciparum, I? oivax isomorphs K210 and K247, and i? mah-iae, and the proportions of mosquito blood meals positive for specific human, goat, cat, dog and pig antigens were determined using ELISAs. I? fakiparulm prevalence in humans was better explained by bednet coverage in the immediate vicinity than by personal protection alone. Circumsporozoite rates for both P jalci@rum and I? &ax were also inversely related to coverage with bednets. There was some increase in zoophagy in areas with high coverage, but relatively little effect on the human blood index or on overall mosquito densities. In this setting, protracted use ofuntreated bednets apparently reduces sporozoite rates, and the associated effects on prevalence are greater than can be accounted for by personal protection. Even at high bednet coverage most anophe1ines feed on human hosts, so the decreased sporozoite rates are likely to be largely due to reduction of mosquito survival. This finding highlights the importance of local vector ecology for outcomes of bednet programmes and suggests that area effects ofuntreated bednets should be reassessed in other settings,

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Area effects of bednet use in a malaria-endemic area in Papua New Guinea

Hii

Smith

Vounatsou

et al. 2001

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygi

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“…In the gardens, which lie 400-500 m below and are 2-3°C warmer, transmission is possible. Because PNG anophelines are zoophilic, 30 vector populations are sustained easily during the dry (noncoffee) season by feeding on wild animals, especially wild pigs. When people move to the coffee gardens to start picking in January, transmission of P. vivax could ensue through people experiencing relapses of infections acquired during the previous coffee season.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The population structure of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax during an epidemic of malaria in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea.

Müeller¹,

Kaiok²,

Reeder³

et al. 2002

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Although most of the Papua New Guinea highlands are too high for stable malaria transmission, local epidemics are a regular feature of the region. Few detailed descriptions of such epidemics are available, however. We describe the investigation of a malaria epidemic in the Obura Valley, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea. Of the 244 samples examined by microscopy, 6.6% were positive for Plasmodium falciparum only, 9.4% were positive for Plasmodium vivax only, and 1.2% were mixed infections. MSP2 and MSP3␣ genotyping and AMA1 sequencing were used to determine the genetic variation present in a sample of P. falciparum and P. vivax infections. The P. vivax infections were found to be genetically highly diverse. In contrast, all P. falciparum samples were of a single genotype. This striking difference in genetic diversity suggests endemic, low-level local transmission for P. vivax but an outside introduction of P. falciparum as the most likely source of the epidemic.

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“…However, other important determinants of EIR such as emergence rate, feeding cycle length and survival per feeding cycle also depend on the availability of hosts (Charlwood, 1986;Charlwood et al, 1986;Charlwood & Graves, 1987;Burkot et al, 1989;Graves et al, 1990;Service, 1991). Some studies have indicated that increasing livestock numbers from low to moderate densities may increase malaria transmission by increasing the emergence rate of mosquitoes (Focks et al, 1988;Sota & Mogi, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The emergence rate, feeding cycle length, survival and bloodmeal host choice of malaria vectors are all influenced by the availability of exposed bloodmeal hosts to the vector (GarrettJones, 1964;Charlwood, 1986;Charlwood et al, 1986;Burkot et al, 1989;Service, 1991;Minakawa et al, 1999). Because the entomological inoculation rate (EIR) of malaria is proportional to the square of the proportion of bloodmeals taken from humans (Q h ), it is very sensitive to changes in vector host choice (Koella, 1991;Killeen et al, 2000b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The availability of potential hosts as a determinant of feeding behaviours and malaria transmission by African mosquito populations

Killeen

McKenzie

Foy

et al. 2001

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygi

106

148

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A simple model for the influence of host availability on vector bloodmeal choice is applied to estimate the relative availabilities of humans, cattle and other host populations to malaria vectors in African communities, using published human blood indices and ratios of cattle to humans. Cattle were bitten <0.01, 0.021 ± 0.11, 1.61 ± 0.16 and 1.61 ± 0.46 times as often as humans by Anopheles funestus, An. gambiae sensu stricto and An. arabiensis in Segera, Tanzania, and An. gambiae sensu lato in The Gambia, respectively. No significant feeding upon host species other than cattle or humans was detected. Even though An. gambiae s.l. in The Gambia were mostly An. gambiae s.s., they were 77 times more likely to choose cattle over humans than An. gambiae s.s. in Tanzania. The model accurately predicted cattle blood indices for the An. arabiensis population in Tanzania (predicted = 0.99 ± 0.21 × observed + 0.00 ± 0.10; r 2 = 0.66). The potential effect of increased cattle abundance upon malaria transmission intensity was simulated using fitted relative availability parameters and assuming vector emergence rate, feeding cycle length and survivorship were unaffected. The model predicted that increased cattle populations would not affect malaria transmission in Tanzania but could drastically reduce transmission in The Gambia or where An. arabiensis is the dominant vector. We define the availability of a host as the rate at which a typical individual host-seeking vector encounters and feeds upon that host in a single feeding cycle. Mathematical models based on this definition also represent promising tools for quantifying the dependence of vector longevity, feeding cycle length and dispersal upon host availability.

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An Analysis of some Factors Determining the Sporozoite Rates, Human Blood Indexes, and Biting Rates of Members of the Anopheles punctulatus Complex in Papua New Guinea

Cited by 52 publications

References 0 publications

Area effects of bednet use in a malaria-endemic area in Papua New Guinea

Area effects of bednet use in a malaria-endemic area in Papua New Guinea

The population structure of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax during an epidemic of malaria in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea.

The availability of potential hosts as a determinant of feeding behaviours and malaria transmission by African mosquito populations

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