An Analysis of the Buffer Systems in Saliva

Lilienthal, B.

doi:10.1177/00220345550340040701

Cited by 75 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…However, it is difficult to pinpoint the underlying mechanisms responsible for the correlations obtained. Phosphate can act as a buffer [Lilienthal, 1955;Bardow et al, 2000b], increase the degree of saturation, and decrease the critical pH with respect to hydroxyapatite [Ericsson and Oberg, 1952]. Proteins can also function as buffers [Lilienthal, 1955;Bardow et al, 2000b] as well as have other functions such as forming the acquired pellicle [for a review, see Lendenmann et al, 2000] and having antimicrobial properties [for reviews, see Lenander-Lumikari and Loimaranta, 2000;Amerongen and Veerman, 2002].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Saliva Composition on Experimental Root Caries

et al. 2004

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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of saliva composition on caries lesion development independently of the flow rate of unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) and other caries-related variables such as lesion progression time, oral hygiene level, and fluoride exposure. We hypothesized that this could be done by developing experimental root caries under carefully controlled conditions in situ in test subjects with UWS flow rates within a narrow window of normalcy. Fifteen female and 5 male subjects (66 ± 6 years) were selected for the study according to their UWS flow rates between 0.2 and 0.4 ml/min. All subjects developed experimental root caries lesions during a 62-day period in which UWS as well as stimulated whole saliva (SWS) were repeatedly collected and analysed for flow rate, pH, buffer capacity, inorganic, and organic composition. Caries lesion development was determined by quantitative microradiography. The mean UWS flow rate was 0.30 ± 0.05 ml/min. Significant negative correlations were obtained between UWS total phosphate concentration and mineral loss (ΔZ; r_s = –0.72, p < 0.001) and UWS total protein concentration and ΔZ (r_s = –0.70, p < 0.01). SWS and its constituents had only limited or no effect on ΔZ. Qualitative UWS protein analysis (SDS-PAGE) revealed that subjects with low ΔZ values had broader and more stained amylase bands than subjects with high ΔZ values. These findings were confirmed quantitatively by HPLC. We conclude that, within a group of subjects with normal UWS flow rates, the UWS composition was more important for caries lesion development than the SWS composition. Furthermore, high UWS concentrations of phosphate, protein, and amylase were caries-protective.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Saliva Composition on Experimental Root Caries

et al. 2004

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“…An interesting alternative is that CA VI might attach to the enamel pellicle. In the microenvironment of dental surfaces, it could locally accelerate the neutralization of excess acidity by catalyzing the reaction H + + HCO 3 -=c H 2 O + CO 2 , which constitutes the most important buffering system in the saliva [Lilienthal, 1955;Birkhed and Heintze, 1989;Wolinsky, 1994].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Low Concentration of Carbonic Anhydrase Isoenzyme VI in Whole Saliva Is Associated with Caries Prevalence

Kivelä

Parkkila²,

Parkkila³

et al. 1999

Caries Res

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Carbonic anhydrases maintain pH homeostasis in various tissues of the human body by catalyzing the reversible reaction CO₂ + H₂O <=> HCO₃^– + H⁺. Carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme VI (CA VI) is secreted into human saliva by the serous acinar cells of the parotid and submandibular glands. Although it represents about 3% of the total protein in stimulated parotid saliva, its exact physiological significance in the saliva has not been established. In the present study, saliva samples were collected under strictly controlled conditions from young, healthy men and assayed for CA VI concentrations using a specific time–resolved immunofluorometric assay. Salivary secretion rate, pH, buffering capacity, α–amylase activity levels, lactobacillus and Streptococcus mutans counts were also determined, and the results were correlated with the dental status of the subjects. Salivary CA VI concentration, pH and buffering capacity values correlated negatively with the numbers of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT index). The correlations between salivary CA VI concentration and DMFT index were most significant in subjects with poor oral hygiene. No correlation was found between salivary CA VI concentration and lactobacillus or Streptococcus mutans counts. As predicted, salivary lactobacillus and Streptococcus mutans counts showed a close positive correlation with the DMFT index. In contrast, no significant correlation was seen between salivary secretion rate or amylase activity and the DMFT index. The present results indicate that low salivary CA VI concentrations are associated with increased caries prevalence, particularly in subjects with neglected oral hygiene.

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“…It has been proposed to prevent the demineralization of the surface hydroxyapatite, increasing its acid resistance [Wolinsky, 1994], although the mechanisms responsible for this effect have remained elusive. We hypothesized that salivary CA VI binds to the enamel pellicle and removes excess acid from tooth surfaces by catalyzing the reaction: H + + HCO 3 -d H 2 O + CO 2 , which is known to occur in saliva [Lilienthal, 1955;Birkhed and Heintze, 1989]. In the present study, we investigated the presence of CA VI in the human enamel pellicle using immunostaining and immunoblotting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Salivary Carbonic Anhydrase Isoenzyme VI Is Located in the Human Enamel Pellicle

Leinonen¹,

Kivelä²,

Parkkila³

et al. 1999

Caries Res

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Salivary carbonic anhydrase (CA VI) appears to protect teeth from caries via mechanisms other than direct regulation of salivary pH and buffering capacity. To elucidate whether CA VI acts in the local microenvironment of the tooth surface, we studied the location and activity of the enzyme in the human enamel pellicle. The study was performed using a specific rabbit antiserum to human CA VI in conjunction with immunostaining and immunoblot techniques. CA activity was demonstrated using a histochemical staining method. CA VI immunostaining of extracted teeth having in vivo formed pellicle showed that the enzyme is present in the enamel pellicle. Immunostaining for salivary α–amylase, which is known to be present in the pellicle, showed a similar staining pattern. The presence of CA VI in the enamel pellicle was confirmed by immunoblotting of in vivo formed pellicle proteins. In vitro studies showed that CA VI binds to polished enamel surfaces from both saliva and solutions of purified enzyme. The intensity of the CA VI immunostaining on the enamel surface was dependent on the concentration of the applied enzyme. The histochemical staining of in vitro formed enamel pellicle confirmed that the bound enzyme retains its enzymatic activity. The presence of active CA VI in the human enamel pellicle suggests that it may accelerate the removal of acid by functioning locally in the pellicle layer on dental surfaces.

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An Analysis of the Buffer Systems in Saliva

Cited by 75 publications

References 8 publications

Effect of Saliva Composition on Experimental Root Caries

Effect of Saliva Composition on Experimental Root Caries

A Low Concentration of Carbonic Anhydrase Isoenzyme VI in Whole Saliva Is Associated with Caries Prevalence

Salivary Carbonic Anhydrase Isoenzyme VI Is Located in the Human Enamel Pellicle

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