An Analysis of the Journey to Work for Women

Ericksen, Julia A.

doi:10.1525/sp.1977.24.4.03a00050

Cited by 30 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…Their finding is consistent with other studies that argue women's household responsibilities create time constraints that keep them close to home (e.g., Erickson, 1977;Johnston-Anumonwo, 1992;Madden, 1981;Madden & White, 1980;Preston, McLafferty, & Hamilton, 1993). Madden (1981) showed that men with the longest work trips and women with the shortest both came from two-earner households with children, and she thus suggested that the family structure and division of labor contributes to the disparity in travel time.…”

Section: Empirical Studies Of Family Structure and Industrial Segmentsupporting

confidence: 86%

Men, Women, Job Sprawl, and Journey to Work in the Philadelphia Region

Weinberger

2007

Public Works Management & Policy

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The observation that increasing dispersion of employment opportunities leads to decreased travel times is reflective of a short-term phenomenon. Census-reported journey-to-work travel time is examined for the greater Philadelphia region, showing that more people are commuting by automobile, a mode usually associated with shorter journey times, but are reporting longer trip times. The finding is counterintuitive as it coincides with a period when new jobs were established in outlying areas and the region experienced a net loss in jobs. The study concludes that as job opportunities disperse into lower density areas, Philadelphia’s existing high-capacity systems are underutilized, and transportation systems throughout the region that were designed for relatively low demand are becoming overwhelmed in time. The net effect is a breakdown of both the urban mass transit systems and the suburban and rural highway networks, the latter because of overuse and the former because of underuse.

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Section: Empirical Studies Of Family Structure and Industrial Segmentsupporting

confidence: 86%

Men, Women, Job Sprawl, and Journey to Work in the Philadelphia Region

Weinberger

2007

Public Works Management & Policy

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“…The woman's double role heavily affects her allocation of time, since she is expected to be available to fulfill the needs of other family members during the day. Thus women's schedules are extremely inflexible and cannot be manipulated for their needs only (Cichocki, 1980;Ericksen, 1977). Even in two-earner households with young children where the strategy is to take a sequential scheduling, men's schedules are more optimal, while those of women remain the less flexible (Fagnani, 1993;Pratt and Hanson, 199 1).…”

Section: The Dual Role Of Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is true regardless of the mode of transportation (Courtas and Downloaded by [New York University] at 15:58 05 February 2015 Fagnani, 1978;Kaniss and Robins, 1974;Hanson and Johnston, 1985;Wekerle, 1984). Thus the employment space of women who do not have access to private cars is more limited than that both of other women and of men (Ericksen, 1977;Palm and Pred, 1974).…”

Section: F I E Geographical Mobility Of Working Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender Differences in the Journey to Work

Blumen

1994

Urban Geography

122

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It is now well established in geographic research that women commute shorter distances to work than men. This paper attempts to explore the common features that have emerged from the last two decades of research in various places within a metropolitan context. Three main sets of factors that may cause women to commute shorter distances are recognized: residence, employment, and transportation-each containing both social and spatial aspects. The analysis is centered around the spatial aspect. Most research on employed women seems to be characterized by distinguishing between the central city and the suburbs and thus the conclusions focus mostly upon this. An international comparison of different places shows that gender differences in commuting almost always are greater in the suburbs, from the point of view of both residential and employment dispersions. Directions for future research are suggested. Comparable methodologies will enable the inclusion of additional cities and will broaden the comparison. The examination of gender differences from the perspective of the dispersion of workplaces in metropolitan space should be further developed and analyzed according to a finer spatial scale than that used in looking at the central city vs. the suburbs. It also is suggested that factors of employment and residence should be analyzed differently so that qualitative methods may generate a greater significance for the factors associated with the domestic context. Finally, the investigation of gender differences in commuting and in the location of both residence and employment could lead to consideration of new conceptual frameworks for possible interaction between land used for both purposes within urban space.Gender differences in commuting patterns have been a focal point of study in feminist geography for almost 15 years, although there is even earlier documentation on this subject in geographic research. There currently is a vast accumulation of findings, and a review and comparison of those findings is needed. US. studies make up the preponderance of this literature, whereas studies from other Western societies provide only a modest amount of material. This paper examines the English-language literature on gender differences in the journey-to-work at the intraurban scale, and offers new directions and goals for future research within this subfield.A major spatial principle of feminist thought is coping with the separation between private and public spheres as feminine and masculine (Bondi, 1992). It has been argued that urban planning and urban landscapes reflect an "old" gender division of labor in which women function as housewives only, while men are mainly responsible for the economic needs of the family. The spatial expression of this division of labor is 223 224 ORNA BLUMEN seen in the growing separation between home and work, i.e., between land used for residence and land used for employment. This spatial organization ignores the needs of working women, who usually continue to take full responsibility for ho...

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“…It is likely that single mothers work closer to home than men, in part, to ease the difficulty of balancing paid work with household responsibilities (Erickson, 1977;Madden, 1981;Singell & Lilleydahl, 1986). Empirical evidence of the effect of household responsibility on commute distance is ambiguous (Gordon et al, 1989;Madden, 1981;Preston, McLafferty & Hamilton, 1993 Finally, most welfare recipients have access to automobiles and, therefore, have reasonably good spatial access to jobs regardless of their residential locations.…”

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confidence: 99%