“…Recently, researchers at Iowa State University (Ziomek and Smith, 1980) have developed a valid and reliable device for assessing this area of attitude/belief. Ziomek (1978) has examined the relationship between philosophical attitudes and personality charac teristics. Some experimental work has also been done on philosophical attitudes across cultures (Naser, 1966;Koriem, 1978;Havana and Smith, 1979).…”