An Analytic Analysis of W-CDMA Smart Antennas Beamforming Using Complex Conjugate and DOA Methods

Features and Futures of Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications: A Technical Review

“…In wireless communication systems, the application of smart antennas leads to spatial filtering achievement, thereby increasing the Signal Strength (SS) [1,[25][26][27]. Network capacity is increased by controlling the interference level received from other users and base stations [48][49][50].…”

“…The switched beam system comprises a RF switch between discrete directional antennas pattern of an array which can be formed by beamforming network, while aiding high gain and controlled beamwidth [45][46][47][48][77][78][79][80]. This approach can be considered as an extension of cellular sectrorization scheme [49,50].…”

“…This requires an increase of antenna aperture and consequently narrower beams are accomplished and there is a reduction in beam crossover. • The technique in which two separate feeding networks are used for generating all beams, which results in the need of switching between feeding networks or doubling the aperture size [56,86].…”

“…This capability is achieved through algorithms that are able to locate the direction of both desired and interference signals. This information is then used to steer the main beam towards the desired signals and place nulls on the interference signals by an adjustable weighting set [48,94].…”

“…Various authors have analyzed the effect of short spacing between the transmitter and receiver and of mutual coupling and array manufacturing error on the estimation error [36,37,48,[59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66]. Their effects on DOA approximation were accurately addressed.…”