“…For years, big data has emerged as one of the popular topics in business and other applicable fields (Sheng, Amankwah-Amoah, and Wang 2017;Salama, Kader, and Abdelwahab 2021). As a component of big data, social media data has also attracted much attention in their application in marketing (Ashley and Tuten 2015), education (Tess 2013), political events (Shirky 2011), stock market predictions and financial analysis (Bollen, Mao, and Zeng 2011;Eickhoff and Muntermann 2016;Liu et al 2021).…”