An analytical and geoarchaeological approach on earthen plaster of 2nd century BCE Karle caves of Western Deccan, India

Singh, Munesh; Kumar, Sushil; Waghmare, Sujata A.

doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.08.029

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…India's Western Ghats are known for their dense forest and high rainfall, leading to an increase in humidity inside the caves up to 90% (Singh et al . ). The large size, open and damaged doors do not regulate the humidity inside the caves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…One such example is the Buddhist mural art in the rock-cut caves at Karla in India's Western Ghats, about 50 km west of Pune. India's Western Ghats are known for their dense forest and high rainfall, leading to an increase in humidity inside the caves up to 90% (Singh et al 2016). The large size, open and damaged doors do not regulate the humidity inside the caves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Initial evidence of plant and animal‐origin organic additives from the second‐century bce earthen plaster of rock‐cut caves of Karla, India*

Dighe

Singh

2019

Archaeometry

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Analytical investigations through phytochemical screening, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and light microscopic observation of the earthen plaster of Karla Caves of western India identified the presence of antifungal, antibacterial and insect repellent Careya arborea stem fibres as a vegetal additive. The scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (SEM‐EDX) study also revealed the inclusion of rice (Oryza sativa) husk as a plant additive in the plaster. In the high rain‐fed coastal regions of western India, the antimicrobial, antioxidant and termite‐resistance properties of C. arborea helped the survival of the plaster in unfavourable climatic conditions. Besides, the C. arborea and rice husk together played a role in reducing cracks, decreasing the density, and imparting a plasticity and a durability to the plaster. The liquid Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) of organic extracts revealed carboxylic acid (fatty acids)‐based additives in the earthen plaster. From the gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis of the plaster, the presence of animal milk fat, animal and vegetable fat, and vegetable oil was identified, and probably used to strengthen the earthen plaster for their resistance to tensile stress. The analysis also diagnoses the inclusion of methyl commate B, a resinous material obtained from the Burseraceae plant family, which has antimicrobial properties, through GC‐MS analysis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Initial evidence of plant and animal‐origin organic additives from the second‐century bce earthen plaster of rock‐cut caves of Karla, India*

Dighe

Singh

2019

Archaeometry

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Oryza sativa L. (Rice) in the Ancient Earthen Plasters of Painted Fragments from Bezeklik, China

Dighe

Singh

Mani

et al. 2018

Studies in Conservation

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Cannabis sativa (hemp) – an eco-friendly material for heritage conservation and sustainable environment

Singh,

Kanth,

Sawant

et al. 2024

JCHMSD

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PurposeThe present work highlights the outstanding properties of Cannabis sativa that can be harnessed for various utilitarian functions and its climate friendly properties.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, the authors reviewed current research on all possible utilities from household work to manufacturing of various products that are environmentally sustainable. The authors have presented some of their research on this materials and also exploration of hemp as an archaeological material based on the findings from wall paintings of Ellora caves.FindingsThere are references of hemp use in mixing with earthen/lime plaster of western Indian monuments. Around 1,500 years of Ellora’s earthen plaster, despite harsh climatic conditions, survived due to the presence of hemp in the plaster that adds durability, fibrosity and its capacity to ward off insects and control humidity. Furthermore, the outstanding quality of Cannabis as carbon sequestrant was harnessed by Indians of ancient times in Ellora mural paintings.Research limitations/implicationsThis work discusses some relevant literature on the potential use of hempcrete aligned with Agenda 2030 of sustainable development goals.Practical implicationsThere are several research going on in producing sustainable materials using hemp that have the least environmental impact and can provide eco-friendly solutions.Social implicationsThe authors impress upon the readers about multifarious utility of the hemp and advices for exploration of this material to address many environmental issues.Originality/valueThis paper presents both review of the existing papers and some components coming directly from their laboratory investigations.

show abstract

An analytical and geoarchaeological approach on earthen plaster of 2nd century BCE Karle caves of Western Deccan, India

Cited by 3 publications

References 17 publications

Initial evidence of plant and animal‐origin organic additives from the second‐century bce earthen plaster of rock‐cut caves of Karla, India*

Initial evidence of plant and animal‐origin organic additives from the second‐century bce earthen plaster of rock‐cut caves of Karla, India*

Oryza sativa L. (Rice) in the Ancient Earthen Plasters of Painted Fragments from Bezeklik, China

Cannabis sativa (hemp) – an eco-friendly material for heritage conservation and sustainable environment

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