An Anatomical study of the mechanical Interactions of Flexor Digitorum Superficialis and profundus and the Flexor Tendon Sheath in Zone 2

Walbeehm, Erik T.; McGrouther, DA

doi:10.1016/s0266-7681(05)80077-4

Cited by 61 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…From the anatomic point of view, this bias is not as important, since othes have emphasized the parallelism between the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon and the flexor digitorum profundus tendon. 10,37 We believe that the use of this kind of splint may contribute to the revision and alteration of rehabilitation procedures in patients suffering from a number of injuries such as deformities, capsular ligamentous injuries, tendinous injuries, and others.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement of the Flexing Force of the Fingers by a Dynamic Splint With a Dynamometer

Silva

Mattar

Neto

et al. 2005

Clinics

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PURPOSE AND METHODS:In order to determine forces acting upon an articular joint during hand rehabilitation, a dynamic splint was built and connected to a dynamometer (capable of measuring forces in the range 0 -600 gf). Through trigonometric calculation, the authors measured the flexing force in the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger at 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90° of flexion. Measurements were obtained in a population of 40 voluntary adults, 20 females and 20 males, This flexing force was correlated with age, sex, and anthropometric measures. RESULTS: Force in the flexing tendon is maximal at the start of flexion, and decreases as the angle of joint flexion increases. A relationship was observed between finger length and the magnitude of the force exerted on the tendon: the longer the finger, the greater the force exherted upon the tendon. Force is greater at all the measured angles, (except 30°) in males and in individuals of higher stature, and bigger arm span. CONCLUSIONS: The flexing force can be effectively measured at all flexing angles, that it correlates with a number of different anthropometric parameters, and that such data are likely to open the way for future studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is because the point of application of the wire is located in the middle third of the middle phalanx, and the location of the insertion of the superficial flexor tendon is a few millimeters proximal to the neck of the middle phalanx. 9 Additionally, we believe that its insertion occurs in a triangular shape 10 and thus, not at one point, but over an area.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of the Flexing Force of the Fingers by a Dynamic Splint With a Dynamometer

Silva

Mattar

Neto

et al. 2005

Clinics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Unlocking is enabled by unloading the finger and by two elastic ligaments the one extending the DIP joint and the other pulling the conjoint tendon distally (Quinn and Baumel, 1993). Walbeehm and McGrouther (1995) compared the TLM with the anatomy and function of the human flexor tendon sheath and described a tendon compressing mechanism (TCM) where the FDP tendon is compressed circularly by the chiasma of the FDS tendon and the A2 pulley. They found, using an electron microscope, transverse ridges on the inner surface of the A2 pulley and on the volar surface of the FDP tendon.…”

Section: Analogy To the Tlm Of Chiropteransmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In flexion movement the friction would be less but as soon as the system became static, or eccentric, the directional angle of the fibres changed to favour friction. The chiasma of the FDS tendon was described also (Shrewsbury and Kuczinsky, 1974;Walbeehm and McGrouther (1995)) to increase friction and to partially lock the FDP tendon by acting like a Chinese finger trap. They hypothesised that friction may be an important normal functional mechanism of the flexor tendon sheath during power grip.…”

Section: Analogy To the Tlm Of Chiropteransmentioning

confidence: 99%

Friction between human finger flexor tendons and pulleys at high loads

Schweizer

Frank

Ochsner

et al. 2003

Journal of Biomechanics

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A method was developed to indirectly measure friction between the flexor tendons and pulleys of the middle and ring finger in vivo. An isokinetic movement device to determine maximum force of wrist flexion, interphalangeal joint flexion (rolling in and out) and isolated proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint flexion was built. Eccentric and concentric maximum force of these three different movements where gliding of the flexor tendon sheath was involved differently (least in wrist flexion) was measured and compared. Fifty-one hands in 26 male subjects were evaluated. The greatest difference between eccentric and concentric maximum force (29.9%) was found in flexion of the PIP joint. Differences in the rolling in and out movement (26.8%) and in wrist flexion (14.5%) were significantly smaller. The force of friction between flexor tendons and pulleys can be determined by the greater difference between eccentric and concentric maximum force provided by the same muscles in overcoming an external force during flexion of the interphalangeal joints and suggests the presence of a non-muscular force, such as friction. It constitutes of 9% of the eccentric flexion force in the PIP joint and therefore questions the low friction hypothesis at high loads. r

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“…Friction between flexor tendons and pulleys has been investigated already in vitro on human and animal cadaver studies Uchiyama et al, 1995) and was suggested to be of functional value in a sense that it serves as a support of the finger muscles during eccentric load of the finger joints (Schweizer et al, 2003;Walbeehm and McGrouther, 1995) to either improve finger flexion strength or decrease energy consumption. A highly specialised mechanism with high friction between tendons and pulleys has been described in bats (Schaffer, 1905) which allows them to dangle on their fingers without muscular action.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Static and dynamic human flexor tendon–pulley interaction

Schweizer

Moor

Nagy

et al. 2009

Journal of Biomechanics

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The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of a preceding flexion or extension movement on the static interaction of human finger flexor tendons and pulleys concerning flexion torque being generated. Six human fresh frozen cadaver long fingers were mounted in an isokinetic movement device for the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint. During flexion and extension movement both flexor tendons were equally loaded with 40N while the generated moment was depicted simultaneously at the fingertip. The movement was stopped at various positions of the proximal interphalangeal joint to record dynamic and static torque. The static torque was always greater after a preceding extension movement compared to a preceding flexion movement in the corresponding same position of the joint. This applied for the whole arc of movement of 0-105 degrees . The difference between static extension and flexion torque was maximal 11% in average at about 83 degrees of flexion. Static torque was always smaller than dynamic torque during extension movement and always greater than dynamic torque during flexion movement. The kind of preceding movement therefore showed an influence to the torque being generated in the proximal interphalangeal joint. The effect could be simulated on a mechanical finger device. t r a c tThe aim of the study was to investigate the influence of a preceding flexion or extension movement on the static interaction of human finger flexor tendons and pulleys concerning flexion torque being generated. Six human fresh frozen cadaver long fingers were mounted in an isokinetic movement device for the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint. During flexion and extension movement both flexor tendons were equally loaded with 40 N while the generated moment was depicted simultaneously at the fingertip. The movement was stopped at various positions of the proximal interphalangeal joint to record dynamic and static torque. The static torque was always greater after a preceding extension movement compared to a preceding flexion movement in the corresponding same position of the joint. This applied for the whole arc of movement of 0-1051. The difference between static extension and flexion torque was maximal 11% in average at about 831 of flexion. Static torque was always smaller than dynamic torque during extension movement and always greater than dynamic torque during flexion movement. The kind of preceding movement therefore showed an influence to the torque being generated in the proximal interphalangeal joint. The effect could be simulated on a mechanical finger device.

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An Anatomical study of the mechanical Interactions of Flexor Digitorum Superficialis and profundus and the Flexor Tendon Sheath in Zone 2

Cited by 61 publications

References 25 publications

Measurement of the Flexing Force of the Fingers by a Dynamic Splint With a Dynamometer

Measurement of the Flexing Force of the Fingers by a Dynamic Splint With a Dynamometer

Friction between human finger flexor tendons and pulleys at high loads

Static and dynamic human flexor tendon–pulley interaction

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