“…Representative constrained minimum spanning tree problems studied in the literature include Bounded Diameter Minimum Spanning Tree (BDMST) [30], Degree Constrained Minimum Spanning Tree (DCMST) [31], Capacitated Minimum Spanning Tree (CMST) [32], Generalized Minimum Spanning Tree (GMST) [33], Delay-Constrained Minimum Spanning Tree [34,35], and HopConstrained Minimum Spanning Tree (HMST) [36]. Since the constrained minimum spanning tree problem is an NP-hard problem, heuristic methods, such as tabu search [37], ant colony optimization [31], genetic algorithms [38,39], and fuzzy-based algorithms [32], have been extensively used by the researchers for solving this complex optimization problem.…”