A thirst for the
development of a simple fluorescence probe for
enhanced sensing application has been achieved by synthesizing a stupendous
thiophene-appended benzothiazole-conjugated compound L2. The synthesized compound L2 was characterized using
nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry techniques. Furthermore,
a photophysical property of L1 and L2 reveals
the enhanced emission spectrum of L2 because of a restricted
spin–orbital coupling as a result of increased conjugation
compared to the ligand L1. Therefore, comparative studies
were undertaken for L1 and L2. Henceforth, L2 was deployed for the ratiometric detection of Cd2+ ions in THF:water and L1 for the detection of Cu2+ ions in THF medium. The chemosensor L2 shows
an outstanding water tolerance up to 60% and is stable between pH
2 and 7. This level of water tolerance and stability make L2 a suitable probe for analyzing real-time and biological samples.
While the cadmium ion was added to L2, there was a significant
red shift in emission from 496 to 549 nm, which indicates the controlled
ICT due to complex formation. The metal–ligand complexation
was also confirmed by noticing a decreased band gap of metal complex
compared to the ligand as calculated using Tauc’s plot with
solid-phase UV data. The stoichiometric ratio was obtained by Job’s
plot that exhibited a 1:1 ratio of L2 and Cd2+ ions, and the limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 2.25 nM by
the photoluminescence spectroscopic technique. The fluorescence lifetime
of both L2 and L2-Cd2+
was found
to be 58.3 ps and 0.147 ns, respectively. Alongside, the colorimetric-assisted
ratiometric detection of Cu2+ by L1 with 1:2
stoichiometric ratio having an LOD of 1.06 × 10–7 M was also performed. Furthermore, the practical applicability of
the probe L2 in sensing cadmium was tested in sewage
water and vegetable extract; the recovery was approximately 98 and
99%, respectively. The experimental data were supported by theoretical
investigation of structures of L1, L2, L1-Cu2+
, and L2-Cd2+
, complex
formation, charge transfer mechanism, and band gap measurements done
by quantum chemical density functional theory calculations.