An Antibacterial Strategy of Mg‐Cu Bone Grafting in Infection‐Mediated Periodontics

Abstract

Periodontal diseases are mainly the results of infections and inflammation of the gum and bone that surround and support the teeth. In this study, the alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis is hypothesized to be treated with novel Mg-Cu alloy grafts due to their antimicrobial and osteopromotive properties. In order to study this new strategy using Mg-Cu alloy grafts as a periodontal bone substitute, the in vitro degradation and antibacterial performance were examined. The pH variation and Mg2+ and Cu2+ release of Mg-Cu alloy extracts were measured. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans), two common bacteria associated with periodontal disease, were cultured in Mg-Cu alloy extracts, and bacterial survival rate was evaluated. The changes of bacterial biofilm and its structure were revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), respectively. The results showed that the Mg-Cu alloy could significantly decrease the survival rates of both P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans. Furthermore, the bacterial biofilms were completely destroyed in Mg-Cu alloy extracts, and the bacterial cell membranes were damaged, finally leading to bacterial apoptosis. These results indicate that the Mg-Cu alloy can effectively eliminate periodontal pathogens, and the use of Mg-Cu in periodontal bone grafts has a great potential to prevent infections after periodontal surgery.

Mg-, Zn-, and Fe-Based Alloys With Antibacterial Properties as Orthopedic Implant Materials

“…Mg-Cu alloys, regarded as periodontal bone substitutes, have been used to treat periodontitis related to alveolar bone defects. It is corroborated that Mg-Cu alloys significantly decreased the survival ratios of key pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis ( P. gingivalis ) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ( A. actinomycetemcomitans ) in periodontal diseases and peri-implantitis ( Zhao et al, 2020 ).…”

“…Nevertheless, the results of the antibacterial ability of Mg in vivo are not optimistic ( Hou et al, 2016 ; Rahim et al, 2016 ). A reduction in antimicrobial efficacy is shown when Mg-based implants are placed in vivo because a high PH value is more likely to be buffered by body fluids ( Bartsch et al, 2014 ; Zhao et al, 2020 ). To solve this issue, investigators are committed to adding bactericidal metal elements into Mg-based alloys in order to manufacture Mg-based alloy implants with excellent bactericidal properties.…”

“…The changes induced by alloy degradation in vivo remain to be investigated. Moreover, when Mg-based alloys are used in vivo , their antibacterial property will decrease because the high pH value is prone to be gradually buffered by body fluid ( Bartsch et al, 2014 ; Zhao et al, 2020 ). Bacteria in a high alkalinity environment will release a large amount of H + to partially neutralize the high environmental pH ( Qin et al, 2015b ).…”

The development of magnesium‐based biomaterials in bone tissue engineering: A review

“…88 Besides, Mg-Cu alloy promotes both osteogenesis and angiogenesis and produces a synergistic antibacterial effect that results from the release of Cu 2+ . 87…”

From Simple Mouth Cavities to Complex Oral Mucosal Disorders—Curcuminoids as a Promising Therapeutic Approach

“…Curcumin is well-documented to modulate multiple signaling pathways and target diverse protein families like transcription factors, growth factors, apoptotic proteins, inflammatory mediators, receptors, and various other kinases , (Figure ). Most of the evidence links inflammation as a major causative factor in the initiation of a variety of oral disorders. − As the oral cavity is a huge reservoir for microbes making it an ecologically rich microenvironment, the intricate cross-talk between the microbes and host defines the overall health of an individual . The perturbations in the host cellular machinery initiate the production of several cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, IL-6, IL-7, and so on, at the site of inflammation, which, if left unchecked, leads to the development of various oral diseases like oral submucous fibrosis, oral mucositis, periodontitis, and gingivitis. , In response to the signal transduction by T-cell receptors, NF-κB is also activated, which further modulates the inflammatory lesions. , Curcumin is known to target NF-κB, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), cytokines molecules, COX-2, ROS, C-reactive proteins, TGF-β, and so on, making it a promising molecule against these diseases. ,, Curcumin showed an anticandida effect with improved ulcer healing efficacy in buccal mucosal ulcers induced in hamsters. , Curcumin’s anti-inflammatory effects were investigated on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced response in gingival fibroblast in vitro .…”