An Antibiogram Study for Urine Culture Testing in Makkah Region Hospitals

Abstract

Background: The antibiogram profile could be helpful in the selection of the most appropriate antimicrobial treatment for microbial infection and even useful to monitor antibiotic resistance. Objective: This study aims to identify the bacteria in the urine through urine culture and perform their antibiogram to determine the resistance profile between antibiotics and urine tract infection (UTI)-causing bacteria and to determine the effective and non-effective antibiotics. Methods: The study was based on urine culture data from five Makkah hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Results: A total of 1000 pathogens were found in the urine culture; 899 were bacterial isolates, and 101 were Candida spp . Seven hundred and seventy-seven of the 899 bacteria isolates were gram-positive, while 122 were gram-negative bacteria. Escherichia coli (44%) was the most frequent UTI-causing bacteria, followed by Klebsiella spp. (20%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6%), S. aureus (5.5%), Enterococcus faecalis (4.5%), Enterobacter spp. (2%), and Proteus spp. (1%). There was clear evidence that ampicillin, cefepime, erythromycin, and moxifloxacin were not effective antibiotics for uropathogens in the Makkah area, KSA. The multiple drug resistance (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL), CR, and quinolones resistance (QR) were higher in the gram-negative bacilli. The pandrug resistance (PDR) and AmpC seemed to have fewer ratios of UTIs caused by gram-negative bacteria. On the other hand, S. aureus of the gram-positive type was also involved in the UTI and had a higher ratio of MDR, QR, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Study of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli in Urinary Tract Infections and Their Antibiogram at a Tertiary Care Hospital

“…H. Patel et al [8], Escherichia coli-35.98%, followed by Klebsiella species-21.95%, Acinetobacter species-9.15%, Pseudomonas species-19.51%, Proteus species-10.98%, Citrobacter species-0.61%. According to A. Dablool et al [9], Escherichia coli-44%, Klebsiella species-20%, Pseudomonas species-6%, Proteus species-1%. According to Abha Sharma et al…”

A Five-Year Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance Trends among Bacteria Identified in Positive Urine Samples in a Tertiary Care Hospital from Bucharest, Romania

“…For this particular pathogen, further research on the use of bacteriophages in the treatment of UTIs may lead to a successful therapy for human treatment [31]. Just like Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with UTIs, despite its reduced incidence (up to 10% in hospital settings) [32,33], due to inherent multiple antibiotic resistance, as well as high susceptibility to develop resistance mechanisms to most classes of antibiotics and form biofilms [34]. In our study, 37% of strains were MDR, similar to results available in the international literature: 34.70% in Portugal [33] and 19% in France [32].…”