An Apoptotic Body‐based Vehicle with Navigation for Photothermal‐Immunotherapy by Precise Delivery and Tumor Microenvironment Regulation

Abstract

Tumor precision therapy and preventing tumor recurrence and metastasis are the main challenges to tumor eradication. Herein, an apoptotic body‐based vehicle with imaging navigation is developed for precise tumor delivery and photothermal‐immunotherapy by IR820‐conjugated apoptotic body loaded with R848 nanoparticles. The apoptotic body serves as ammunition stores as well as vehicle drive engines, while IR820 acts as a fluorescence imaging navigation and photothermal controlling system. The apoptotic body vehicle can deliver the ammunition to tumor and achieve deep penetration by macrophage‐hitchhiking. Fluorescence imaging navigation opens a control window for photothermal treatment, followed by photothermal triggering of in situ vaccine formation. Further, CD47 antibody loaded hydrogel strengthens innate and adaptive immunity, simultaneously the polarization of macrophages regulates the immunosuppressive microenvironment to further promote the combined antitumor immunotherapy. With breast tumor (4T1)‐bearing mice model, the apoptotic body vehicle performs excellent therapeutic efficacy for primary tumor, distant tumor, tumor metastasis, and recurrence prevention.

Neutrophil Camouflaged Stealth Nanovehicle for Photothermal‐Induced Tumor Immunotherapy by Triggering Pyroptosis

“…In our anti‐tumor protocol, the treatment was postoperative administration plus laser irradiation ( Figure a). According to our previous studies on photothermal immunotherapy, [ 17 ] two doses and laser irradiation 1 week apart are more effective. The interval between laser irradiation and drug delivery is determined by the effectiveness of targeted drug delivery.…”

Photothermal Nanomaterials: A Powerful Light-to-Heat Converter

“…Apart from the thermal ablation with PTT, an appropriate temperature increase can be beneficial for promoting tissue regeneration, stimulating drug release, improving the drug delivery efficiency, alleviating hypoxia, and other therapeutic activities. ,− These advantages further promote PTT to combine with other therapeutic modalities to achieve improved treatment outcomes by an additive or synergistic effect. The combination partners can mutually not only improve the penetration depth of PTT but also augment the antitumor efficacy at lower doses of photothermal agents or lower irradiation laser powers.…”

Extracellular vesicles: A dive into their role in the tumor microenvironment and cancer progression

“…After ApoBDs are released, they can be targeted to be phagocytosed by neighboring cells such as macrophages and degraded by phagolysosomes to prevent secondary necrosis ( Erwig and Henson, 2008 ). This led to a study investigating an apoptotic body-based vehicle harboring R848 apoptotic body-based nanoparticles containing IR820-conjugated antibodies, effectively using ApoBDs as a delivery vehicle to breast tumors in a mouse model ( Sheng et al, 2022 ). In addition to this, ApoBDs can be taken up by other phagocytes such as dendritic cells, which can display apoptotic antigens on their surface to facilitate an immune response ( Tixeira et al, 2020 ).…”