“…Select empirical studies that belong to the first sub-strand include Bali andNeftci (2003), Brooks et al (2004), and Chan and Gray (2006), Ozun et al (2010), Ren and Giles (2010), Karmakar (2013), Chou and Wang (2014), Wijeyakulasuriya and Wickremasinghe (2015), Dahlen et al (2015), and Youssef et al (2015), Kellner and Rösch (2016), Muela et al (2017), Gkillas and Katsiampa (2018), and Liu et al (2018). Unlike majority of these studies, Ren and Giles (2010) and Dahlen et al (2015) did not employ the usual Hill scatterplots and the mean excess function to identify the threshold for extreme returns.…”