An application of Stafford and Warr's reconceptualisation of deterrence to a group of recidivist drink drivers

Freeman, James E.; Watson, Barry C.

doi:10.1016/j.aap.2005.11.001

Cited by 78 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The success of the enforcement is premised on deterrence theory which fundamental attributes are certainty of apprehension, swiftness and severity of punishment (Freeman & Watson, 2006, 2009Watling & Freeman, 2011;Watling, Palk, Freeman, & Davey, 2010). In the current study over 95% of drivers have never been tested for alcohol on the roadway during their lifetime of driving suggesting an extremely low level of policing drink-drivers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This has proven successful because in the past 3 decades, alcohol related deaths on the road in developed countries have significantly declined (Freeman & Watson, 2006).…”

Section: History and Evolution Of Drink-driving Legislationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to classical deterrence theory, the effectiveness of a legal threat is a function of the perceived certainty, swiftness and severity of punishment. In other words, a countermeasure is likely to be effective when people perceive that the probability of detection, arrest, and punishment is very high, the anticipated punishment is very certain and severe, and the penalty is administered swiftly (Freeman & Watson, 2006;Piquero & Paternoster, 1998;Sitren & Brandon, 2012).…”

Section: Application Of Deterrence Theory In Road Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The assumption is that when the expected punishment is more painful than the pleasure or reward of the crime, then the punishment exhibits severity. The more likely that punishment is to follow a criminal act, the less likely the criminal act will recur (Bates, Soole, & Watson, 2012;Freeman & Watson, 2006;O'Connell, Visher, Martin, Parker, & Brent, 2011;Robinson, 2010).…”

Section: Elements Of Deterrence Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some advanced countries have therefore prioritised alcohol use research and implemented recommended countermeasures over the years. This has proven successful because over the last three decades, there has been a significant decline in alcohol related road fatalities and injuries in most advanced countries (Ehikhamenor & Obianwuho, 2006;Freeman & Watson, 2006;Marques, 2009;Sweedler et al, 2004). Research driven countermeasures and policies continue to evolve, aiming at an eventual decoupling of alcohol use and driving, riding or walking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Prevalence of Alcohol Use among Road Users and Its Impact on Traffic Crash Severity in Ghana

Derry¹

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This program of research, which was guided by Haddon's Matrix and deterrence theory conceptual frameworks, essentially had five core objectives. These objectives were examined through five independent studies. The studies were broadly interwoven to clarify understanding in three broad thematic areas relating to the impact of alcohol use on road traffic crashes in Northern Ghana: (a) general behaviour (i.e., knowledge, attitudes and practices) regarding alcohol impairment as a risk factor for ii Alcohol Use and Traffic Crash Severity in Ghana road users, (b) police reported alcohol and illicit drug use and the relative risk of road traffic crashes, and (c) the impact of alcohol use on road traffic injury severity.Study 1 (Chapter 5) primarily aimed to determine knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding alcohol drinking and driving in three cities in Ghana. The study was a survey conducted at washing bays, lorry terminals and fuel stations. Study 1 established that 24% of all motorists and 54% of motorists who were current alcohol users reported having driven within an hour after consuming alcohol. Current alcohol users typically consume four standard drinks per drinking occasion. Further, participants who were current alcohol users were significantly more likely to be arrested for traffic violations compared with non-alcohol users. It was apparent that enforcement of drink-driving law and motorists' knowledge of the BAC law were low.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This has proven successful because in the past 3 decades, alcohol related deaths on the road in developed countries have significantly declined (Freeman & Watson, 2006).…”

Section: History and Evolution Of Drink-driving Legislationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Application Of Deterrence Theory In Road Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Elements Of Deterrence Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Prevalence of Alcohol Use among Road Users and Its Impact on Traffic Crash Severity in Ghana

Derry¹

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Deterrence Theory

Eassey¹,

Boman²

2015

The Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment

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Deterrence theory's central hypotheses are that crime can be prevented when punishment is certain, severe, and quick. Whether explicitly or implicitly, deterrence‐centric philosophy serves as the foundation for many criminal justice systems. The wide application of deterrence theory in practice and policy, however, is alarming for some since most research on deterrence theory concludes that the three general principles of deterrence theory – certainty, severity, and celerity – do not significantly reduce crime. Drawing on the question of whether deterrence is an effective method of crime control, this entry reviews the history behind deterrence theory and early and contemporary research on the theory and offers important questions that policymakers, practitioners, and researchers must ask as deterrence research progresses into the future.

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Are Current Drug Driving Enforcement Strategies Achieving the Desired Effect? Drug Users’ Perceptions of Drug Driving Legislation and Enforcement in Queensland

Love

Rowland

Stefanidis

et al. 2022

J Police Crim Psych

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This study examined how illicit drug users perceived roadside drug testing (RDT) in Queensland, a jurisdiction that enforces a zero-tolerance enforcement strategy to drug driving. Fifty-two illicit drug users were interviewed, and thematic analysis was used to identify emerging themes. The results showed that exposure to RDT and apprehension certainty were reportedly low. The targeted regime of RDT had dichotomous implications towards apprehension certainty, due to the familiarity with the testing procedures. Participants also reported mixed experiences with testing accuracy, in that some offenders reported testing negative just following use, while others who reportedly regulated their driving tested positive, despite not having recently used. Next, participants reported engaging in punishment avoidance behaviours that aimed to evade police exposure and suspicion, and to mask the presence of drugs in their saliva. The combination of avoidance behaviours and perceptions of one’s ability to circumnavigate RDT impacted on participants’ apprehension certainty. Due to their experiences, the majority of (cannabis) users agreed that RDT approaches were discriminatory and unjust, due to the zero-tolerance policy, the testing of presence over impairment, and the lack of policing towards other drugs. These perceived limitations were noted to potentially increase user offending in some circumstances and suggested that there may be a dissonance between the intended aim of RDT and the outcome on drug user behaviours. The findings of this study may hold implications for future research in identifying limitations in the current evidence and help inform policing procedures and policy surrounding future drug testing approaches.

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An application of Stafford and Warr's reconceptualisation of deterrence to a group of recidivist drink drivers

Cited by 78 publications

References 32 publications

The Prevalence of Alcohol Use among Road Users and Its Impact on Traffic Crash Severity in Ghana

The Prevalence of Alcohol Use among Road Users and Its Impact on Traffic Crash Severity in Ghana

Deterrence Theory

Are Current Drug Driving Enforcement Strategies Achieving the Desired Effect? Drug Users’ Perceptions of Drug Driving Legislation and Enforcement in Queensland

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