An application of the density standard and scaled–pixel–counting protocol to assess the radiodensity of equine incisor teeth affected by resorption and hypercementosis: preliminary advancement in dental radiography

Abstract

Background Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis (EOTRH) syndrome is a dental disease where the radiographic signs may be quantified using radiographic texture features. This study aimed to implement the scaled–pixel–counting protocol to quantify and compare the image structure of teeth and the density standard in order to improve the identification of the radiographic signs of tooth resorption and hypercementosis using the EOTRH syndrome model. Methods and results A detailed examination of the oral cavity was performed in 80 horses and maxillary incisor teeth were evaluated radiographically, including an assessment of the density standard. On each of the radiographs, pixel brightness (PB) was extracted for each of the ten steps of the density standard (S1–S10). Then, each evaluated incisor tooth was assigned to one of 0–3 EOTRH grade–related groups and annotated using region of interest (ROI). For each ROI, the number of pixels (NP) from each range was calculated. The linear relation between an original X–ray beam attenuation and PB was confirmed for the density standard. The NP values increased with the number of steps of the density standard as well as with EOTRH degrees. Similar accuracy of the EOTRH grade differentiation was noted for data pairs EOTRH 0–3 and EOTRH 0–1, allowing for the differentiation of both late and early radiographic signs of EOTRH. Conclusion The scaled–pixel–counting protocol based on the use of density standard has been successfully implemented for the differentiation of radiographic signs of EOTRH degrees.

Three-Dimensional Segmentation Assisted with Clustering Analysis for Surface and Volume Measurements of Equine Incisor in Multidetector Computed Tomography Data Sets

“…The center incisors corresponded to teeth 101, 201, 301, and 401; the intermediate incisors corresponded to teeth 102, 202, 302, and 402; and the corner incisors corresponded to teeth 103, 203, 303, and 403 according to the modified Triadan system [30]. The degree of EOTRH was recognized as normal (0), mild (1), moderate (2), or severe (3) following Hüls et al's (2012) classification [31] with Rehrl et al's (2018) modification [32] as shown in our previous researches [29,33,34]. The presence of signs of dental disease other than EOTRH was an exclusion criterion.…”