An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks

Abstract

In recent y ears, advances in energy-e cient design and wireless technologies have enabled exciting new applications for wireless devices. These applications span a wide range, including real-time and streaming video and audio delivery, remote monitoring using networked microsensors, personal medical monitoring, and home networking of everyday appliances. While these applications require high performance from the network, they su er from resource constraints that do not appear in more traditional wired computing environments. In particular, wireless spectrum is scarce, often limiting the bandwidth available to applications and making the channel error-prone, and the nodes are battery-operated, often limiting available energy.My thesis is that this harsh environment with severe resource constraints requires an applicationspeci c protocol architecture, rather than the traditional layered approach, to obtain the best possible performance. This dissertation supports this claim using detailed case studies on microsensor networks and wireless video delivery. The rst study develops LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), an architecture for remote microsensor networks that combines the ideas of energy-e cient cluster-based routing and media access together with application-speci c data aggregation to achieve good performance in terms of system lifetime, latency, and applicationperceived quality. This approach improves system lifetime by an order of magnitude compared to general-purpose approaches when the node energy is limited. The second study develops an unequal error protection scheme for MPEG-4 compressed video delivery that adapts the level of protection applied to portions of a packet to the degree of importance of the corresponding bits. This approach obtains better application-perceived performance than current approaches for the same amount o f transmission bandwidth. These two systems show that application-speci c protocol architectures achieve the energy and latency e ciency and error robustness needed for wireless networks.

A minimum cost heterogeneous sensor network with a lifetime constraint

“…In this scenario, the authors provide results supporting their idea that, even though the cluster heads have the highest energy drainage rate, periodic rotation ensures good load balancing and, hence, a higher lifetime. It has also been shown in [12] that, in order to minimize the total energy spent in the network, the required number of cluster heads has to scale as the square root of the total number of sensor nodes; a result similar to what we obtain.…”

“…In [12], Heinzelman et al consider a homogeneous clustered network in which each cluster head collects data from its one hop neighbors, aggregates the gathered data, and transmits it directly to the remote base station. The cluster heads are periodically rotated for efficient load balancing.…”

“…In [12], cluster head rotation requires that all the nodes be capable of performing data aggregation as well as long range transmissions to the remote base station. This results in extra hardware complexity in all the nodes.…”

Energy Balanced Routing Method for In-Network Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks

“…In other words, FTA define forward energy density which constitutes forward-aware factor with link weight, and propose a new communication protocol based on forward-aware factor, thus balancing the energy consumption and prolonging the network function lifetime [3].…”

Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks using Co-operative MIMO: A Technical Review

“…CMIMO will be described in the next section. multi-output technique (CMIMO) technique which is based on clustered random wireless network just like the LEACH protocol [3]. There are also some another kind of cooperative communication in clustered wireless sensor network [7].…”