An Appraisal of Methods of Tissue Chloride Analysis: The Total Carcass Chloride, Exchangeable Chloride, Potassium and Water of the Rat 1

Cheek, Donald B.; West, Clark D.; Golden, Catherine Carter; Doyle, Eleanor M.

doi:10.1172/jci103229

Cited by 38 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Corsa and co-workers (3) pointed out the theoretical desirability of relating total exchangeable potassium (Ke) to lean body mass or to a parameter closely related to lean body mass. Cheek and West (4) found that Ke, carcass potassium, Cle, and carcass chloride in rats were closely related to both fat-free carcass weight and to total body water (TBW). Muldowney, Crooks, and Bluhm (5, 6) measured Ke, Cle, antipyrine space, plasma volume, and red cell mass in adult human beings and compared all these except antipyrine space with lean body mass, derived from antipyrine space, and with creatinine excretion.…”

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confidence: 99%

Total Exchangeable Potassium and Chloride and Total Body Water in Healthy Men of Varying Fat Content

Boling¹,

Taylor²,

Entenman³

et al. 1962

J. Clin. Invest.

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During the past few years various attempts have been made to develop an improved standard of reference for comparison of those parameters of body composition which refer largely to lean body mass. Weir measured carcass chloride in dogs and found poor correlation between carcass chloride and body weight (1). He found, however, better correlation between carcass chloride and fatfree carcass weight (2). Corsa and co-workers (3) pointed out the theoretical desirability of relating total exchangeable potassium (Ke) to lean body mass or to a parameter closely related to lean body mass. Cheek and West (4) found that Ke, carcass potassium, Cle, and carcass chloride in rats were closely related to both fat-free carcass weight and to total body water (TBW). Muldowney, Crooks, and Bluhm (5, 6) measured Ke, Cle, antipyrine space, plasma volume, and red cell mass in adult human beings and compared all these except antipyrine space with lean body mass, derived from antipyrine space, and with creatinine excretion. They found that the correlation of each parameter with the derived lean body mass was significantly better than its correlation with body weight. McMurrey and co-workers (7) measured total exchangeable chloride, potassium, and sodium (Cle, Ke, and Nae), red cell mass, plasma volume, and TBW in a group of ten healthy men and ten healthy women. Their data show much better correlation of these parameters with TBW than with body weight.Recently, O'Meara, Birkenfeld, Gotch, and Edelman (8) have found that the mixing of administered K42 is prolonged in subjects who have edema. It was concluded by these authors that equilibration times should be extended to 40 hours when measuring Ke in sick patients. Because of the short half-life of K42, this makes the measurement * Present address: Medical Service, Veterans Administration Hospital, Boston, Mass. much more difficult to perform. Recently, however, apparatus has become available that makes it convenient to measure Ke after a mixing time of 40 hours, using a dose of only 50 microcuries of K42 (9, 10).In order to study the inter-relationships of parameters of body composition, these should be determined simultaneously in each subject. Data permitting such comparisons for healthy adults are scarce. Also, values for Ke in healthy adults with equilibration times of 40 hours are few. Finally, the effect of obesity on these inter-relationships is not known. In order to gather additional values permitting the study of these relationships, the present study was undertaken. Thirty-five healthy men were studied. They were chosen so that a wide range of fat content was encompassed. Simultaneous estimations of TBW, Ke, and Cle were made using tritiated water, K42, and Br52 as the tracers, respectively. The results confirm the close relationships previously reported between the magnitude of Ke and Cle, estimated by Br82, and the magnitude of TBW. The ratio Ke: TBW was significantly higher in muscular men (weightlifters) than in randomly selected or obese men.In addition, the values for t...

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confidence: 99%

Total Exchangeable Potassium and Chloride and Total Body Water in Healthy Men of Varying Fat Content

Boling¹,

Taylor²,

Entenman³

et al. 1962

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…Values for total body chloride and sodium on which the calculations depend have been obtained by carcass analysis of a large number of normal rats (4,5). Values for bone sodium have been calculated from the Na/Ca ratio for bone and from total body calcium.…”

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The Distribution of Sodium and Chloride and the Extracellular Fluid Volume in the Rat1

Cheek¹,

West²,

Golden³

1957

J. Clin. Invest.

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Our attempts to gain information concerning the amount of electrolyte in cell water and the theoretical concentration of intracellular cations necessarily revolve around our ability to partition total body water into extracellular and intracellular phases. The total body potassium, for example, is confined almost exclusively to the intracellular phase, and if the intracellular volume of the body could be defined, the net intracellular potassium concentration could be readily calculated as:Total body K -Extracellular K Intracellular fluid volume The most rational interpretation of extracellular fluid volume would seem to be that defined originally by Manery, Danielson, and Hastings (1), by Manery and Hastings (2) and later by Nichols, Nichols, Weil, and Wallace (3). These authors divide the extracellular fluid into the following components: the plasma water, the interstitial water, and the connective tissue water. The interstitial water is considered that volume of fluid which rapidly equilibrates with substances such as inulin. Connective tissue water is the volume of water which is principally associated with collagen and elastin, and with which substances such as inulin equilibrate slowly. The study of Nichols, Nichols, Weil, and Wallace (3) would indicate that the sum of these three phases of the extracellular fluid is defined reasonably well by the chloride space if correction of the chloride space is made for intracellular chloride, and for the slightly greater concentration of chloride in connective tissue water than is present in an ultrafiltrate of serum.The major aim of the present study is to test 1 This investigation was supported in part by a research grant (H-1638) from the National Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service.further the validity of the chloride space, corrected for the factors described above, as a measure of the extracellular volume by demonstrating an identity between it and the space calculated from the sodium content of extracellular fluid. Extracellular fluid volume has been calculated from sodium by the expression (extracellular sodium)/(Na)ef where extracellular sodium is the difference between total body sodium and the sodium which is not in the extracellular fluid (i.e., that in bone, cells, and within the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract) and (Na)ef is the sodium concentration of the serum ultrafiltrate.Values for total body chloride and sodium on which the calculations depend have been obtained by carcass analysis of a large number of normal rats (4,5). Values for bone sodium have been calculated from the Na/Ca ratio for bone and from total body calcium. Values for cell sodium in muscle have been taken from data in the literature (6) calculated on the assumption that chloride in muscle occupies the same space as inulin and an exclusively extracellular position (7). Values for sodium in red cells were also calculated from the data of other investigators (8, 9) while those in visceral cells have been assessed by comparison of the ...

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“…The larger and older animals had been previously used for breeding purposes. All had been under observation for a period of at least two weeks prior to sacrifice and for one week had been maintained on a synthetic diet of composition previously described (11).…”

Section: Experimental Procedures and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They were placed either on a normal or a potassium deficient diet. The normal diet is that described previously (11 3.5 ml. of Conway's acid digestion mixture were employed.…”

Section: Experimental Procedures and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations in Body Composition With Sodium Loading and Potassium Restriction in the Rat: The Total Body Sodium, Nitrogen, Magnesium and Calcium 1

Cheek¹,

West²,

Golden³

1956

J. Clin. Invest.

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An Appraisal of Methods of Tissue Chloride Analysis: The Total Carcass Chloride, Exchangeable Chloride, Potassium and Water of the Rat 1

Cited by 38 publications

References 13 publications

Total Exchangeable Potassium and Chloride and Total Body Water in Healthy Men of Varying Fat Content

Total Exchangeable Potassium and Chloride and Total Body Water in Healthy Men of Varying Fat Content

The Distribution of Sodium and Chloride and the Extracellular Fluid Volume in the Rat1

Alterations in Body Composition With Sodium Loading and Potassium Restriction in the Rat: The Total Body Sodium, Nitrogen, Magnesium and Calcium 1

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