“…Several of these studies have utilized data mining techniques, particularly classification algorithms, to enhance the quality of higher education systems and predict student performance. In this section, a number of the related studies, especially those focusing on the application of the and classification in estimating the academic performance of the students, are presented [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31]. For instance, Qasem, Emad, and Mustafa [32] employed the CRISP framework to evaluate students' data in C++ courses, comparing classifiers such as , and Naive Bayes .…”