An Approach to Examining Regional Atmosphere-Plant Interactions with Phenological Data

Schwartz, Mark D.; Marotz, Glen A.

doi:10.2307/2844818

Cited by 42 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Using daily surface maximum and minimum temperatures, Schwartz & Marotz (1986) developed regional phenological models for cloned lilac (Syringa chinensis 'Red Rothomagensis') first leaf across eastern North America. A better 'synoptic model' resulted in predictions within 7.5 d of actual leafing event occurrence.…”

Section: Spring Indices (Si): Simulated Phenologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A possible reason may be that temperature trends over the 34 yr study period are too subtle to be discerned from annual or monthly averages, due to strong daily temperature fluctuations (Bradley et al 1999). However, species life cycles usually begin when certain thresholds are achieved (Schwartz & Marotz 1986). Thus, plant phenology appears more capable than average temperatures to reflect subtle climate changes over long periods by reducing the 'noise' of short-term temperature variations.…”

Section: Changes Of Spring's Onset In Wisconsinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plant events, such as budburst, leafing, and flowering, are well established to be highly associated with temperature variations at the beginning of spring (Schwartz & Marotz 1986, 1988, Lechowicz 1995, Sparks & Carey 1995, Beaubien & Freeland 2000. Therefore, vegetation phenology is particularly useful in monitoring spring's arrival and its interannual variations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given these conditions, simulation models based on past meteorological data become a necessary alternative for reconstructing missing phenological data. These 'rebuilt' data can be used to gauge the onset of the growing season and long-term climate change when weather data are available, but actual plant records do not exist (Schwartz & Reiter 2000).Using daily surface maximum and minimum temperatures, Schwartz & Marotz (1986) developed regional phenological models for cloned lilac (Syringa chinensis 'Red Rothomagensis') first leaf across eastern North America. A better 'synoptic model' resulted in predictions within 7.5 d of actual leafing event occurrence.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Examining the onset of spring in Wisconsin

Zhao¹,

Schwartz²

2003

Clim. Res.

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Vegetation phenological events, such as bud break, flowering, and leaf coloring, are closely associated with lower atmospheric conditions as seasons change. Plant phenology during springtime is particularly sensitive to climatic factors, especially temperature variations. Therefore, the occurrence of specific plant events can be used to identify the onset of spring. Advance or delay in these timings can serve as potential climate change detection measures over long periods. In this paper, changes to spring's onset in Wisconsin were examined using the first-bloom event of several introduced and native species in . Due to the incompleteness of these observations, satellite data were applied to derive 3 phenological regions across the state. Next, average first-bloom time-series were formed at this regional scale. Several multi-species indices were then created based on regional first-bloom variations. Trends toward earlier first-bloom dates over the study period, especially for early-spring species, were revealed in the southwestern and central/eastern regions of Wisconsin. Two of the most important aspects of our study are: (1) phenology is regarded as a multispecies problem that can be more easily manipulated by reducing species variations to several indices; and (2) satellite data, weather data, and phenological observations are integrated to create and validate phenological regions, a process that can be used in other areas to facilitate long-term phenological data reconstruction. KEY WORDS: Plant phenology · Climate change · Onset of spring · Remote sensing · WisconsinResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher Clim Res 24: 59-70, 2003 between multiple species events and spring climate variations.Second, phenology has been observed only intermittently in most places around the world. Insufficient data collection limits efforts to compare species events across large geographical areas and over long time periods, and it complicates exploration of variations in spring's onset as measured by plant phenology. Although continental-scale simulation models have been developed based on selected species (Schwartz 1997), this approach alone cannot account for broader species diversity. Recently developed satellite metrics (e.g. Reed et al. 1994) have shown potential in monitoring the onset of spring across large areas, but the precise relationship between species-level phenology and remote-sensing imagery remains unclear. Therefore, an integrated approach, utilizing observational data, simulation models, and satellite imagery, is highly desired for phenological research (Schwartz 1994).In this study, changes of spring's onset in Wisconsin will be assessed over the period. The firstbloom events of several introduced and native species (which include herbs, shrubs, and trees) are examined as indicators of spring's arrival. Due to the incompleteness of the surface observations, satellite-derived startof-season (SOS) and modeled spring indices (SI) are employed to help recons...

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Section: Spring Indices (Si): Simulated Phenologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Changes Of Spring's Onset In Wisconsinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Examining the onset of spring in Wisconsin

Zhao¹,

Schwartz²

2003

Clim. Res.

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“…These may be described in terms of distinctive seasonal air mass frequencies and climatological properties Of course, alterations in these air mass characteristics are affected by atmospheric circulation patterns (Schwartz & Marotz 1986, 1988, which are somewhat seasonal in themselves. However, most organisms and activities on the earth's surface respond directly to air mass characteristics rather than to circulation patterns, and if these air mass attributes can be defined in some quantitative manner throughout the year, seasonal length can be determined for a multitude of locales.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of climatological seasons for the East Coast of the U.S. using an air mass-based classification

Cheng¹,

Ls²

1997

Clim. Res.

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This paper discusses the application of a year-round synoptic classification procedure to define climatolog~cal seasons based upon the frequency occuiience of seasonal air masses The classification is developed through air inass 'seed day identification and discriminant function analysis, and assigns each day to 1 of 18 ail mass types for each of 14 stations along the East Coast of the United States Unlike the 'astronomical definitlon of seasons, which divides a year into 4 equal p e i~o d s , the length of wlnter ranges fiom about 1'4 mo in Mlami, Florida to more than 4 mo in Portland, hdaine as determined by air mass frequencies The suminer extends more than 5 mo in Flonda, whlle it only lasts 3 mo in Maine In the mld-Atlantic region, there ale 2 longer seasons (summer and wlntei, about 4 mo edch) and 2 shorter seasons (spnny and fall, about 2 mo each) The seasonal definitlon proposed here more closely corresponds to phenological responses than do t r a d~t~o n a l def~nitions The lnforination can be applied to numerous environmentdl assessment problems, including animal demographics and habitat distnbutions, plant phenology and subsequent pollen release, m~gration and hibernation patterns, human health and psychological iesponses to climate, and agncultural p l a n n~n g activities

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A New Spatial Synoptic Classification: Application to Air-Mass Analysis

et al. 1996

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Despite recent advances in the classification of synoptic‐scale events, there remains the need for development of a simple, automated, continental‐ scale air mass‐based procedure. We present a new method of analysis to identify resident air masses at first‐order weather stations to facilitate intersite comparison of daily air masses across a very large region. The ‘spatial synoptic classification’ (SSC) requires initial identification of the major air masses and their typical meteorological characteristics at each site. ‘Seed days’, which exhibit these typical characteristics for each air mass, are used as input for a linear discriminant function analysis, which produces a daily categorization of air masses with spatially continuous results. A second discriminant function analysis is used to determine whether a day is to be considered transitional between air masses. Using the SSC, air‐mass frequencies were developed for winter across the USA east of the Rockies, and rates of modification were determined as each air mass traversed the region. The impact of snow cover on modification rates was determined by comparing two winter months with very different snow cover characteristics across the area. Keeping other factors constant, it appears that extended snow cover can reduce the temperature of a dry polar air mass by up to 11°C.

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An Approach to Examining Regional Atmosphere-Plant Interactions with Phenological Data

Cited by 42 publications

References 11 publications

Examining the onset of spring in Wisconsin

Examining the onset of spring in Wisconsin

Determination of climatological seasons for the East Coast of the U.S. using an air mass-based classification

A New Spatial Synoptic Classification: Application to Air-Mass Analysis

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