An approach to the identification and regulation of endocrine disrupting pesticides

Ewence, Annette; Brescia, Susy; Johnson, Ian; Rumsby, Paul C.

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2015.01.011

Cited by 43 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Recently, the potential of certain pesticides to act as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been assessed [ 17 ]. These pesticides include certain organometallic compounds and many older organochlorine compounds that are also toxic and persistent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Farmers’ Exposure to Pesticides: Toxicity Types and Ways of Prevention

Damalas

Koutroubas

2016

Toxics

502

300

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Synthetic pesticides are extensively used in agriculture to control harmful pests and prevent crop yield losses or product damage. Because of high biological activity and, in certain cases, long persistence in the environment, pesticides may cause undesirable effects to human health and to the environment. Farmers are routinely exposed to high levels of pesticides, usually much greater than those of consumers. Farmers' exposure mainly occurs during the preparation and application of the pesticide spray solutions and during the cleaning-up of spraying equipment. Farmers who mix, load, and spray pesticides can be exposed to these chemicals due to spills and splashes, direct spray contact as a result of faulty or missing protective equipment, or even drift. However, farmers can be also exposed to pesticides even when performing activities not directly related to pesticide use. Farmers who perform manual labor in areas treated with pesticides can face major exposure from direct spray, drift from neighboring fields, or by contact with pesticide residues on the crop or soil. This kind of exposure is often underestimated. The dermal and inhalation routes of entry are typically the most common routes of farmers' exposure to pesticides. Dermal exposure during usual pesticide handling takes place in body areas that remain uncovered by protective clothing, such as the face and the hands. Farmers' exposure to pesticides can be reduced through less use of pesticides and through the correct use of the appropriate type of personal protective equipment in all stages of pesticide handling.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Farmers’ Exposure to Pesticides: Toxicity Types and Ways of Prevention

Damalas

Koutroubas

2016

Toxics

502

300

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“…Several environmental chemicals, including pesticides, act as mammary carcinogens in animal studies, activate relevant hormonal pathways, or enhance mammary gland susceptibility to carcinogenesis . The potential of certain pesticides to act as endocrine disrupting chemicals has been recently considered . Some chemical compounds such as organochlorines and DDT, widely used to control harmful pests and prevent crop yield losses or product damage, have been classified as endocrine disrupters and are suspected carcinogenic to the human breast .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupation and risk of female breast cancer: A case‐control study in Morocco

Khalis¹,

Rhazi²,

Fort³

et al. 2019

American J Industrial Med

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Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among Moroccan women.Environmental and occupational factors may play a role in breast cancer etiology. This study aimed to investigate the association between occupation, industry, and breast cancer risk among Moroccan women.Methods: A total of 300 breast cancer cases and 300 controls (matched by age and area of residence) were included in this study. Full occupational history was collected, with a detailed description of each job held for at least 6 months. Occupations were coded according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO 08) and the Moroccan Analytical Classification of Professions (2001). Industries were coded according to the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (2008). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for potential confounders were estimated by using conditional logistic regression.Results: An overall decreased risk of breast cancer was observed among women doing only household work (OR = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.18-0.55). An increased risk of breast cancer was observed among women in agricultural occupations, particularly those employed as agricultural laborers (ISCO 08 code: 921; OR = 2.91; 95% CI = 1.51-5.60) and the risk increased with duration of employment (P trend = .01).Analyses by industry corroborated these findings.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that occupational exposures may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer among female agricultural workers in this population. Further investigations, with advanced methods of occupational exposure assessment, are warranted to clarify the role of chemicals involved in this high-risk occupation and to suggest preventive actions and screening. K E Y W O R D Sagricultural workers, breast cancer, case-control study, Morocco, occupation

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“…Typically, chemicals with observed endocrine effects in experimental animals based on the test guidelines of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development need to be addressed for their relevance to humans including consideration of species, strain, exposure route OECD 2012, and species-specific differences such as endocrine signalling, toxicokinetics, and bio-transformation (Testai et al 2013). The dose thresholds/guidance values for "Specific Target Organ Toxicity Repeated Exposure" were used to determine whether the hazardous property of endocrine disruption should be identified for regulatory purposes in accordance with the CLP Regulation (Ewence et al 2015). Nevertheless, the OECD framework is inadequate for the identification of all aspects of endocrine disrupting effects, because it mainly focuses on estrogenicity, anti-androgenicity, and thyroid disruption (Manibusan and Touart 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of occupational exposure to pesticide mixtures with endocrine-disrupting activity

Wong

Garthwaite

Ramwell

et al. 2018

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Occupational exposure to pesticide mixtures comprising active substance(s) and/or co-formulant(s) with known/possible endocrine disrupting activity was assessed using long-term activity records for 50 professional operators representing arable and orchard cropping systems in Greece, Lithuania, and the UK. Exposure was estimated using the harmonised Agricultural Operator Exposure Model, and risk was quantified as a point of departure index (PODI) using the lowest no observed (adverse) effect level. Use of substances with known/possible endocrine activity was common, with 43 of the 50 operators applying at least one such active substance on more than 50% of spray days; at maximum, one UK operator sprayed five such active substances and ten such co-formulants in a single day. At 95 th percentile, total exposure was largest in the UK orchard system (4.1x10-2 mg kg bw-1 day-1) whereas risk was largest in the Greek cropping systems (PODI 5.3x10-1). All five cropping systems had instances indicating potential for risk when expressed at a daily resolution (maximum PODI 1.2-10.7). Toxicological data are sparse for co-formulants so combined risk from complex mixtures of active substances and co-formulants may be larger in reality.

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An approach to the identification and regulation of endocrine disrupting pesticides

Cited by 43 publications

References 2 publications

Farmers’ Exposure to Pesticides: Toxicity Types and Ways of Prevention

Farmers’ Exposure to Pesticides: Toxicity Types and Ways of Prevention

Occupation and risk of female breast cancer: A case‐control study in Morocco

Assessment of occupational exposure to pesticide mixtures with endocrine-disrupting activity

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