An approach to understanding the intrinsic complexity of resilience against floods: Evidences from three urban communities of Pakistan

An Integrated Multidimensional Resilience Index for urban areas prone to flash floods: Development and validation

“…These urban areas have the least social cohesion, as seen by the lack of social and religious organizations and low voter turnout in elections and social movements. Public authorities should involve the public in evacuation drills and risk communication campaigns to help communities cope with, recover from, and adapt to flash floods (Rana et al, 2021). These localities also feature high dependency rates, many singleperson households, low education, and people with disabilities.…”

“…Floods are becoming increasingly frequent and severe, posing a worldwide risk to urban areas and societies (Batica and Gourbesville, 2016;Rana et al, 2021;Khan et al, 2022). According to the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), there were 37% more floods in 2021 than the yearly average for the previous two decades (2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019)(2020), resulting in 4,143 deaths, 29.2 million people impacted, and US$74.4 billion in direct economic damages (CRED, 2021).…”

“…Given the foregoing, assessing resilience is critical for developing disaster risk reduction strategies in the context of global change (Rana et al, 2021).…”

“…As resilience cannot be directly measured, indices based on a set of indicators (or proxies) that capture the urban-social system's underlying structure are the most frequent way of analysing resilience (Liao, 2012;Feldmeyer et al, 2021). For a comprehensive analysis and effective flood risk reduction strategies, the methodology to be applied must capture resilience's multifaceted nature (Liao, 2012;Rana et al, 2021).…”

“…Accordingly, to assess resilience, it's imperative to include social, economic, ecosystem, physical, institutional, and cultural dimensions (Qasim et al, 2016;Rana et al, 2021;Khan et al, 2022;).…”