An Arabidopsis Callose Synthase, GSL5, Is Required for Wound and Papillary Callose Formation

Jacobs, Andrew K.; Lipka, Volker; Burton, Rachel A.; Panstruga, Ralph; Strizhov, N.; Schulze‐Lefert, Paul; Fincher, Geoffrey B.

doi:10.1105/tpc.016097

Cited by 479 publications

(466 citation statements)

References 42 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

435

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In such instances, the papilla may seal the wound in the epidermal cell wall caused by the penetration peg, thereby potentially enabling the fungus to avoid recognition by the plant's surveillance mechanism. Consistent with this interpretation is the finding that the pmr4 callose synthase mutant of Arabidopsis has no callose in the papilla matrix and is resistant rather than hypersusceptible to the host powdery mildew (Jacobs et al, 2003;Nishimura et al, 2003). It appears that the host fungus evades recognition by the plant's surveillance mechanism and/or that it is capable of deflecting or detoxifying the plant's defenses.…”

Section: The Plant Trafficking Apparatus In Host Vs Nonhost Responsessupporting

confidence: 69%

The PEN1 Syntaxin Defines a Novel Cellular Compartment upon Fungal Attack and Is Required for the Timely Assembly of Papillae

Assaad

Qiu

Youngs

et al. 2004

MBoC

360

388

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Attack by the host powdery mildew Erysiphe cichoracearum usually results in successful penetration and rapid proliferation of the fungus on Arabidopsis. By contrast, the nonhost barley powdery mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) typically fails to penetrate Arabidopsis epidermal cells. In both instances the plant secretes cell wall appositions or papillae beneath the penetration peg of the fungus. Genetic screens for mutations that result in increased penetration of Bgh on Arabidopsis have recently identified the PEN1 syntaxin. Here we examine the role of PEN1 and of its closest homologue, SYP122, identified as a syntaxin whose expression is responsive to infection. pen1 syp122 double mutants are both dwarfed and necrotic, suggesting that the two syntaxins have overlapping functions. Although syp122-1 and the cell wall mur mutants have considerably more pronounced primary cell wall defects than pen1 mutants, these have relatively subtle or no effects on penetration resistance. Upon fungal attack, PEN1 appears to be actively recruited to papillae, and there is a 2-h delay in papillae formation in the pen1-1 mutant. We conclude that SYP122 may have a general function in secretion, including a role in cell wall deposition. By contrast, PEN1 appears to have a basal function in secretion and a specialized defense-related function, being required for the polarized secretion events that give rise to papilla formation.

show abstract

Section: The Plant Trafficking Apparatus In Host Vs Nonhost Responsessupporting

confidence: 69%

The PEN1 Syntaxin Defines a Novel Cellular Compartment upon Fungal Attack and Is Required for the Timely Assembly of Papillae

Assaad

Qiu

Youngs

et al. 2004

MBoC

360

388

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Biased allocation to recombination-rich regions provides the genomic environment for generating sequence diversity required to cope with dynamic pathogen populations 29,30 . It is noteworthy that the highly over-represented (1,3)-b-glucan synthase genes have also been implicated in plant-pathogen interactions 31 .…”

Section: Transcribed Portion Of the Barley Genomementioning

confidence: 99%

A physical, genetic and functional sequence assembly of the barley genome

2012

Nature

1,300

880

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is among the world's earliest domesticated and most important crop plants. It is diploid with a large haploid genome of 5.1 gigabases (Gb). Here we present an integrated and ordered physical, genetic and functional sequence resource that describes the barley gene-space in a structured whole-genome context. We developed a physical map of 4.98 Gb, with more than 3.90 Gb anchored to a high-resolution genetic map. Projecting a deep whole-genome shotgun assembly, complementary DNA and deep RNA sequence data onto this framework supports 79,379 transcript clusters, including 26,159 'high-confidence' genes with homology support from other plant genomes. Abundant alternative splicing, premature termination codons and novel transcriptionally active regions suggest that post-transcriptional processing forms an important regulatory layer. Survey sequences from diverse accessions reveal a landscape of extensive single-nucleotide variation. Our data provide a platform for both genome-assisted research and enabling contemporary crop improvement

show abstract

“…This indicates a role for the wildtype gene in the fungal colonisation of host plants rather than in disease resistance. GSL5 callose also accumulates after the successful entry of fungal pathogens into host cells at haustorial complexes [12 ]. One possibility is that the GSL5 callose synthase assists in the containment of pathogen-derived elicitors at infection sites, thereby preventing the perception of fungus-derived elicitors by the plant [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knocking on the heaven’s wall: pathogenesis of and resistance to biotrophic fungi at the cell wall

Schulze‐Lefert

2004

Current Opinion in Plant Biology

Self Cite

124

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

New findings challenge the traditional view of the plant cell wall as passive structural barrier to invasion by fungal microorganisms. A surveillance system for cell wall integrity appears to sense perturbation of the cell wall structure upon fungal attack and is interconnected with known plant defence signalling pathways. Biotrophic fungi might manipulate this surveillance system for the establishment of biotrophy. The attempts of fungi to invade also induce a sub-cellular polarisation in attacked cells, which activates an ancient vesicle-associated resistance response that possibly enables the focal transport of regulatory cargo and the secretion of toxic cargo. The underlying resistance machinery might have been subverted by biotrophic fungi for pathogenesis. IntroductionPenetration through the plant cell wall represents an Achilles heel in the pathogenesis of most biotrophic fungi and marks a lifestyle transition from extra-cellular to invasive growth. Modification of the plant cell wall was recognised for the first time as potential resistance mechanism almost 80 years ago following work in which 78 plant species and varieties were challenged with Alternaria spp. and other leaf-spotting fungi [1]. The termination of fungal pathogenesis at the cell wall was commonly associated with wall 'thickenings' and the formation of local additions or 'callosities' in the paramural space (i.e. the space between the cell wall and the plasma membrane). Formation of these cell wall appositions (CWAs) or papillae is usually accompanied by a co-localised accumulation of phenolics and reactive oxygen species [2][3][4][5][6]. The complex process of sub-cellular cell wall remodelling is tightly linked to the rapid disassembly and subsequent focal reassembly of the plant cytoskeleton at fungal entry sites, which is indicative of a pathogen-triggered cell polarisation [6][7][8][9]. There has been a long-standing controversy, however, over whether CWAs function in disease resistance or facilitate the entry of fungal pathogens into host cells by providing a structural collar for the intruder. New molecular genetic data from Arabidopsis and barley have indeed revealed that molecular processes at and in CWAs have Janus-faced functions, that is, functions for fungal pathogenesis and in resistance responses. Focal vesicle transport and vesicle fusion events that are dependent on SNAP (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor-association protein) receptor (SNARE) proteins at the plasma membrane emerge as potential common underlying mechanisms that might be interconnected with a poorly understood cell wall integrity surveillance system. In this review, I discuss the seemingly paradoxical functions of these processes in establishing the biotrophic lifestyle and in disease resistance at the cell periphery.Linking cell wall structure to biotic stress signalling Callose, a (1!3)-b-D-glucan, has long been known to be synthesised and deposited rapidly at CWAs upon microbial attack. This polymer was thought to contribute to a physical barrie...

show abstract

An Arabidopsis Callose Synthase, GSL5, Is Required for Wound and Papillary Callose Formation

Cited by 479 publications

References 42 publications

The PEN1 Syntaxin Defines a Novel Cellular Compartment upon Fungal Attack and Is Required for the Timely Assembly of Papillae

The PEN1 Syntaxin Defines a Novel Cellular Compartment upon Fungal Attack and Is Required for the Timely Assembly of Papillae

A physical, genetic and functional sequence assembly of the barley genome

Knocking on the heaven’s wall: pathogenesis of and resistance to biotrophic fungi at the cell wall

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About