An architecture for IoT clock synchronization

Mani, Sathiya Kumaran; Durairajan, Ramakrishnan; Barford, Paul; Sommers, Joel

doi:10.1145/3277593.3277606

Cited by 37 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…It is worth mentioning that the use of 32-bit single-precision floating-point format is common not only for the resourceconstrained sensor node platforms (e.g., TelosB [12] and MicaZ [18]) but also for the lightweight Arduino boards [19], which are frequently used as hardware platforms for Internet of Things (IoT) prototyping as discussed in [20].…”

Section: Impact Of Limited Precision Floating-point Arithmetic On Hig...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Beaconless Asymmetric Energy-Efficient Time Synchronization Scheme for Resource-Constrained Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Networks

Huan

Kim

Lee

et al. 2020

IEEE Trans. Commun.

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The ever-increasing number of WSN deployments based on a large number of battery-powered, low-cost sensor nodes, which are limited in their computing and power resources, puts the focus of WSN time synchronization research on three major aspects, i.e., accuracy, energy consumption and computational complexity. In the literature, the latter two aspects haven't received much attention compared to the accuracy of WSN time synchronization. Especially in multi-hop WSNs, intermediate gateway nodes are overloaded with tasks for not only relaying messages but also a variety of computations for their offspring nodes as well as themselves. Therefore, not only minimizing the energy consumption but also lowering the computational complexity while maintaining the synchronization accuracy is crucial to the design of time synchronization schemes for resourceconstrained sensor nodes. In this paper, focusing on the three aspects of WSN time synchronization, we introduce a framework of reverse asymmetric time synchronization for resourceconstrained multi-hop WSNs and propose a beaconless energyefficient time synchronization scheme based on reverse oneway message dissemination. Experimental results with a WSN testbed based on TelosB motes running TinyOS demonstrate that the proposed scheme conserves up to 95% energy consumption compared to the flooding time synchronization protocol while achieving microsecond-level synchronization accuracy.

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Section: Impact Of Limited Precision Floating-point Arithmetic On Hig...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Beaconless Asymmetric Energy-Efficient Time Synchronization Scheme for Resource-Constrained Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Networks

Huan

Kim

Lee

et al. 2020

IEEE Trans. Commun.

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“…More explicitly in the IoT domain, Sridhar et al describe the CheepSync time synchronization protocol [18] for Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) platforms. S. K. Mani et al [19] developed a synchronization system, including a lightweight client, a new packet exchange protocol called SPoT. In another work, R. Gore et al [20] proposed a lightweight clock synchronization algorithm called CoSiNeT for IIoT field devices.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

CoSiWiNeT: A Clock Synchronization Algorithm for Wide Area IIoT Network

Gore¹,

Lisova²,

Åkerberg³

et al. 2021

Applied Sciences

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Recent advances in the industrial internet of things (IIoT) and cyber–physical systems drive Industry 4.0 and have led to remote monitoring and control applications that require factories to be connected to remote sites over wide area networks (WAN). The adequate performance of remote applications depends on the use of a clock synchronization scheme. Packet delay variations adversely impact the clock synchronization performance. This impact is significant in WAN as it comprises wired and wireless segments belonging to public and private networks, and such heterogeneity results in inconsistent delays. Highly accurate, hardware–based time synchronization solutions, global positioning system (GPS), and precision time protocol (PTP) are not preferred in WAN due to cost, environmental effects, hardware failure modes, and reliability issues. As a software–based network time protocol (NTP) overcomes these challenges but lacks accuracy, the authors propose a software–based clock synchronization method, called CoSiWiNeT, based on the random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm that uses an iterative technique to estimate a correct offset from observed noisy data. To evaluate the algorithm’s performance, measurements captured in a WAN deployed within two cities were used in the simulation. The results show that the performance of the new algorithm matches well with NTP and state–of–the–art methods in good network conditions; however, it outperforms them in degrading network scenarios.

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“…Furthermore, time-keeping devices are known to drift apart, especially when subjected to harsh environmental conditions [78], which showcases the need for effective communication-based synchronization [79]. For reference, under normal conditions, the resonator of an Arduino Uno or Mega, operating at 16 MHz, lose 10s of seconds per day, a performance that is fairly poor [80] for time-critical applications. The significance of this deviation might not impact that many agricultural applications, but it is clear that even if the clocks of two nodes are synchronized at a certain point in time, their indications will eventually drift apart, creating the need for regular repeats of the synchronization process.…”

Section: Synchronization In Wsnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wireless Sensor Network Synchronization for Precision Agriculture Applications

et al. 2020

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The advent of Internet of Things has propelled the agricultural domain through the integration of sensory devices, capable of monitoring and wirelessly propagating information to producers; thus, they employ Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). These WSNs allow real time monitoring, enabling intelligent decision-making to maximize yields and minimize cost. Designing and deploying a WSN is a challenging and multivariate task, dependent on the considered environment. For example, a need for network synchronization arises in such networks to correlate acquired measurements. This work focuses on the design and installation of a WSN that is capable of facilitating the sensing aspects of smart and precision agriculture applications. A system is designed and implemented to address specific design requirements that are brought about by the considered environment. A simple synchronization scheme is described to provide time-correlated measurements using the sink node’s clock as reference. The proposed system was installed on an olive grove to assess its effectiveness in providing a low-cost system, capable of acquiring synchronized measurements. The obtained results indicate the system’s overall effectiveness, revealing a small but expected difference in the acquired measurements’ time correlation, caused mostly by serial transmission delays, while yielding a plethora of relevant environmental conditions.

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An architecture for IoT clock synchronization

Cited by 37 publications

References 16 publications

A Beaconless Asymmetric Energy-Efficient Time Synchronization Scheme for Resource-Constrained Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Networks

A Beaconless Asymmetric Energy-Efficient Time Synchronization Scheme for Resource-Constrained Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Networks

CoSiWiNeT: A Clock Synchronization Algorithm for Wide Area IIoT Network

Wireless Sensor Network Synchronization for Precision Agriculture Applications

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