The evolution of the Internet into the information highway offers many future possibilities and potential problems in the delivery
During the past 30 years, computer applications have become an increasingly common resource used in the delivery of counseling services. With each step in the evolution of computer hardware and software, the use of computers in counseling evolved as well. For example, when large mainframe computers were dominant, batch processing of interpretive test reports and on-line searches of large occupational databases were typical applications. As less expensive and easier to use personal computers (PCs) became available, computer applications diversified to include test administration and computer-assisted instruction. The availability of more diverse computer applications used directly by clients and counselors created new possibilities for improving counseling services, but it also raised new ethical and professional issues.The general availability of inexpensive and relatively easy-to-use computer networks is the most recent step in the evolution of computer hardware and software. The number of network-based computer applications in counseling has been increasing rapidly. The problem, however, is that there has been little systematic exploration of the use of computer networks in counseling. A better understanding of counseling applications available on existing computer networks (the Internet), combined with an understanding of evolving computer capabilities, can help counselors be better prepared to design and use applications to effectively serve clients when the future information highway becomes fully operational. This article begins with a review of current characteristics of the Internet and available counseling applications on the Internet. Anticipated characteristics of the future information highway and potential counseling applications are then presented, followed by a discussion of potential problems with counseling applications on computer networks based on current Internet experience.
THE CURRENT INTERNET
Evolution of the Current InternetThe Internet evolved from computer networks developed for the military. Faculty members and other researchers working on military projects began using these networks to exchange messages, transmit files, and connect to remote computers. Soon, additional networks were created on a profit and nonprofit basis to serve a more diverse group of academics, government workers, and business people. The current Internet is a result of the interconnection of existing commercial (subscription) and noncommercial computer networks using standard conventions for exchanging information.
Features of the Current InternetWe describe existing features of the current Internet to provide a foundation for interpreting the data on current counseling applications presented in the following section. Definitions of terminology used in this article are provided in Table 1. Bulletin board systems (BBSs) and list servers provide unique opportunities for public text-based...