An assessment of Aviation’s contribution to current and future fine particulate matter in the United States

Woody, Matthew; Baek, Bok H.; Adelman, Zachariah; Omary, Mohammad; Lam, Yun Fat; West, J. Jason; Arunachalam, Saravanan

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.03.041

Cited by 66 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…This method is routinely used to estimate the public health impacts of aircraft LTO PM emissions in the United States (Ratliff et al 2009;CSSI Inc. 2010;Arunachalam et al 2011;Levy et al 2011;Woody et al 2011). While several studies have measured the mass of emitted BC per unit fuel burned, known as EI(BC), the majority of engines in service have not been measured and for these the SN remains the only measure of their PM emissions (Timko et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Updated Correlation Between Aircraft Smoke Number and Black Carbon Concentration

Stettler

Swanson

Barrett

et al. 2013

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Updated Correlation Between Aircraft Smoke Number and Black Carbon Concentration

Stettler

Swanson

Barrett

et al. 2013

Aerosol Science and Technology

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“…Particulate emissions from aircraft engines contribute to anthropogenic climate forcing and affect human health (Unal et al 2005;Woody et al 2011). Aviation emissions are expected to grow as commercial air traffic is expected to more than double its 2010 levels by the year 2030 (ICAO 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective density and volatility of particles sampled from a helicopter gas turbine engine

Olfert

Dickau

Momenimovahed

et al. 2017

Aerosol Science and Technology

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The effective density and size-resolved volatility of particles emitted from a Rolls-Royce Gnome helicopter turboshaft engine are measured at two engine speed settings (13,000 and 22,000 RPM). The effective density of denuded and undenuded particles were measured. The denuded effective densities are similar to the effective densities of particles from a gas turbine with a ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 2 double annular combustor as well as a wide variety of internal combustion engines. The denuded effective density measurements were also used to estimate the size and number of primary particles in the soot aggregates. The primary particle size estimates show that the primary particle size was smaller at lower engine speed (in agreement with transmission electron microscopy analysis). As a demonstration, the size-resolved volatility of particles emitted from the engine are measured with a system consisting of a differential mobility analyzer, centrifugal particle mass analyzer, condensation particle counter, and catalytic stripper. This system determines the number distributions of particles that contain or do not contain non-volatile material, and the mass distributions of non-volatile material, volatile material condensed onto the surface of non-volatile particles, and volatile material forming independent particles (e.g. nucleated volatile material). It was found that the particulate at 13,000 RPM contained a measurable fraction of purely volatile material with diameters below ~25 nm and had a higher mass fraction of volatile material condensed on the surface of the soot (6-12%) compared to the 22,000 RPM condition (1-5%). This study demonstrates the potential to quantify the distribution of volatile particulate matter and gives additional information to characterize sampling effects with regulatory measurement procedures.

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“…Hakami et al (2004) states that "addition of higher-order information to the analysis allows more reliable prediction of the response beyond its linear range, particularly when nonlinear behavior is expected". For example, Woody et al (2011) and Koo et al (2013) suggest that background emissions could change the air quality impacts attributable to aviation.…”

Section: Motivation For the Complex Step Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of the complex step method to chemistry-transport modeling

Constantin¹,

Barrett²

2014

Atmospheric Environment

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Sensitivity analysis in atmospheric chemistry-transport modeling is used to develop understanding of the mechanisms by which emissions affect atmospheric chemistry and composition, to quantify the marginal impact of emissions on air quality, and for other applications including improving estimates of emissions, developing fast first order air quality models, and validating adjoint models. In forward modeling sensitivities have predominantly been calculated using the finite difference approach, i.e. where the results of two separate simulations are subtracted. The finite difference approach incurs truncation and cancellation errors, which mean that exact sensitivities cannot be calculated and even approximate sensitivities cannot always be calculated for a sufficiently small perturbation (e.g. for emissions at a single location or time). Other sensitivity methods can provide exact sensitivities, but require the reformulation of non-linear steps (e.g. the decoupled direct method) or the adjointing of entire codes (partly automatically and partly manually). While the adjoint approach is widely applied and has significant utility in providing source-oriented information, in some applications the receptor-oriented information of forward approaches is needed. Here we apply an alternative method of calculating sensitivities that results in receptor-oriented information as with the finite difference approach, requires minimal reformulation of models, but enables near-exact computation of sensitivities. This approach -the complex step method -is applied for the first time to a complete atmospheric chemistry-transport model (GEOS-Chem). We also introduce the idea of combining complex-step and adjoint sensitivity analysis (for the first time in any context to our knowledge) to enable the direct calculation of near-exact second order sensitivities.Thesis Supervisor:

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An assessment of Aviation’s contribution to current and future fine particulate matter in the United States

Cited by 66 publications

References 27 publications

Updated Correlation Between Aircraft Smoke Number and Black Carbon Concentration

Updated Correlation Between Aircraft Smoke Number and Black Carbon Concentration

Effective density and volatility of particles sampled from a helicopter gas turbine engine

Application of the complex step method to chemistry-transport modeling

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