An assessment of different extraction and quantification methods of penta- and hexa-chlorobenzene from SRF fly-ash

Balampanis, Dimitris E.; Coulon, Frédéric; Simms, N.J.; Pollard, Simon J. T.; Fenech, Cecilia; Villa, Raffaella

doi:10.1016/j.ancr.2017.01.003

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…However, extraction results of the same sample often vary between laboratories due to the use of different solvent mixtures, numbers of cycles and/or boiling periods (6-24 h). The amount of time needed, large solvent volumes required (120-400 mL per sample) and subsequent losses of volatile and semivolatile species during concentration of extracts (for instance, up to 20% for highly chlorinated benzenes, depending on the evaporation method used), are among the main disadvantages of Soxhlet extraction [64]. Although boiling, rinsing and solvent recovery were eventually automated and optimized, efficiency is generally lower than that of the Bligh and Dyer [42] and Smedes [46] methods, because a considerable fraction of "bound lipids" are not extracted, and results are not considered as total lipids but as "extractable" lipids [46].…”

Section: Lipid Extraction Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) [69], or pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), combines elevated pressures and temperatures above the boiling point with smaller amounts (10-50 mL per sample [64]) of the same solvents or mixtures that are commonly used for standard liquid extraction techniques (Soxhlet or Twisselmann), such as dichloromethane-hexane [70], dichloromethane-cyclohexane [71], or methanol [72]. In an automated process, the solvent is pumped into a sealed tube with sample and support material.…”

Section: Lipid Extraction Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After a suitable time, it is pumped out and collected, then the procedure is repeated several times. The total extraction time is just 10-40 min [64]. However, the apparatus and equipment are rather expensive and solvent mixtures, temperatures and pressures must be adjusted for each sample type to ensure extraction of all free fat, while bound lipids may still not be extracted sufficiently [38].…”

Section: Lipid Extraction Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result of new developments in sample preparation, we present a rapid, efficient and selective procedure for removal of "total" lipids and lipophilic organic pollutants from any EU-regulated [89][90][91] food of animal origin. Starting out from Smedes' method [64] for determination of lipids in fish and vertebrates, Ultra-Turrax assisted matrix dispersion was modified to facilitate desorption of "total" lipids and lipophilic POPs such as dioxins and PCBs from adipose tissue, fish, fish oil, liver, meat, chicken eggs, egg powder, whole milk, milk powder, milk products and infant food. Optimization and validation of this method was performed using a combination of instrumental and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-based cell bioassay analysis.…”

Section: Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rapid extraction of total lipids and lipophilic POPs from all EU-regulated foods of animal origin: Smedes’ method revisited and enhanced

Haedrich¹,

Stumpf²,

Denison

2020

Environ Sci Eur

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Background Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as dioxins, dioxin-like chemicals and non-dioxin-like PCBs causing adverse effects to human health bio-accumulate through the food web due to their affinity for adipose tissues. Foods of animal origin are therefore the main contributors to human dietary exposure. The European Union’s (EU) food safety policy requires checking of a wide range of samples for compliance with legal limits on a regular basis. Several methods of varying efficiency are applied by official control laboratories for extraction of the different classes of lipids and associated POPs, bound to animal tissue and animal products in varying degrees, sometimes leading to discrepancies especially in fresh weight based analytical results. Results Starting from Smedes’ lipid extraction from marine tissue, we optimized the extraction efficiency for both lipids and lipophilic pollutants, abandoning the time-consuming centrifugation step. The resulting modified Smedes extraction (MSE) method was validated based on multiple analyses of a large number of real-world samples, matrix calibration and performance assessment in proficiency testing utilizing both instrumental and bioanalytical methodologies. Intermediate precision in 12 different foods was below 3% in chicken eggs, egg powder, animal fat, fish, fish oil, poultry, whole milk, milk fat and milk powder, and below 5% in bovine meat, liver, and infant food. In comparison to Twisselmann hot extraction, results presented here show an increased efficiency of MSE by + 25% for bovine liver, + 14% for chicken eggs, + 13% for poultry meat, + 12% for fish, 8% for bovine meat, and 6% for infant food. Conclusions For the first time, a fast and reliable routine method is available that enables the analyst to reproducibly extract "total" lipids from any EU-regulated food sample of animal origin within 6 to 8 min. Increased efficiency translates into a considerable increase in both lipid and wet weight-based analytical results measured for associated POPs, reducing the risk of false non-compliant results. Compared to a 4 h Twisselmann extraction, the extraction of 1000 samples using MSE would result in annual savings of about 250 h or 32 working days. Our MSE procedure contributes to the European Commission's objective of harmonizing analytical results across the EU generated according to Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/644.

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Section: Lipid Extraction Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lipid Extraction Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lipid Extraction Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Rapid extraction of total lipids and lipophilic POPs from all EU-regulated foods of animal origin: Smedes’ method revisited and enhanced

Haedrich¹,

Stumpf²,

Denison

2020

Environ Sci Eur

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“…The extractions were performed at 100°C and 100 bar, with 3 static cycles of 7 min each. An acid pre-treatment, before extraction, is often done for analysis of organic compounds in fly ashes [42]. The attack with acid is carried out to disrupt the mineral conglomerates that are formed in the combustion process.…”

Section: Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainability of using vineyard pruning residues as an energy source: Combustion performances and environmental impact

Giorio

Pizzini

Marchiori

et al. 2019

Fuel

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Open burning of agricultural waste is still a common practice as it is a rapid method for waste disposal, although natural biomass, including agriculture residues, can be exploited as a renewable energy source. We assessed the viability and sustainability of using vineyard pruning residues, as wood chips, for energy conversion. Wood chips, obtained from vineyards in the Prosecco DOCG region (Italy), were characterized in terms of chemical composition, calorific value, ash content and humidity. Combustion tests were performed in a medium-size biomass boiler (maximum power 500 kW) to assess the viability of the approach in terms of sustainable steady-state combustion. Primary emissions of both macro-and micro-pollutants were measured to assess the environmental impact.An analytical method was purposely developed for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in three matrices: fly ashes, condensate and gas. The results showed that vineyard pruning residues can be used for energy conversion in medium-and large-scale biomass boilers. Primary emissions of measured pollutants were all below limit values set by current European legislation except for particulate matter, for which current available abatement technologies are required to contain emissions, thus making the use of vineyard pruning residues unsuitable for combustion in domestic appliances where such technologies are not installed. Bottom ashes produced during combustion were also characterized to assess whether they can be recycled in the vineyard as soil amendments/fertilizers. Copper content in combustion ashes exceeded limit values for ashes to be used as fertilizers in agricultural fields for some European countries but not for others, indicating that ashes may need to be disposed as waste.

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Concentrations, profiles, emission inventory, and risk assessment of chlorinated benzenes in bottom ash and fly ash of municipal and medical waste incinerators in northern Vietnam

Nguyen

Hoang

Nguyen

et al. 2020

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Concentrations and congener profiles of seven di-to hexachlorinated benzenes (CBzs) were characterized in bottom ash and fly ash samples collected simultaneously from one medical waste incinerator (MEWI) and one municipal waste incinerator (MUWI) in northern Vietnam. Total concentrations of seven CBzs in the fly ash samples ranged from 6.98 to 34.4 (median 19.1) ng g −1 in the MEWI, and ranged from 59.1 to 391 (median 197) ng g −1 in the MUWI. Concentrations of CBzs in the bottom ash samples of the MEWI (median 1.95; range 1.53-5.98 ng g −1 ) were also lower than those measured in the MUWI samples (median 17.4; range 14.5-42.6 ng g −1 ). Levels of CBzs in the fly ash samples were significantly higher than concentrations measured in the bottom ash samples, partially indicating the low-temperature catalytic formation of these pollutants in post-combustion zone. In general, higher chlorinated congeners (e.g., hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, and 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene) were more abundant than lower chlorinated compounds. However, compositional profiles of CBzs were different between the ash types and incinerators and even between the same sample types of different sampling days, suggesting that the formation of CBzs in these incinerators is complicated and influenced by many factors. Emission factors and annual emission amounts of CBzs were estimated for the two incinerators by using actually measured data of CBz concentrations in the ash. Daily intake doses and cancer risks of ash-bound CBzs estimated for workers in the two incinerators were generally lower than critical values, but cancer risks caused by other relevant pollutants (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and dioxin-related compounds) were not considered.

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An assessment of different extraction and quantification methods of penta- and hexa-chlorobenzene from SRF fly-ash

Cited by 4 publications

References 24 publications

Rapid extraction of total lipids and lipophilic POPs from all EU-regulated foods of animal origin: Smedes’ method revisited and enhanced

Rapid extraction of total lipids and lipophilic POPs from all EU-regulated foods of animal origin: Smedes’ method revisited and enhanced

Sustainability of using vineyard pruning residues as an energy source: Combustion performances and environmental impact

Concentrations, profiles, emission inventory, and risk assessment of chlorinated benzenes in bottom ash and fly ash of municipal and medical waste incinerators in northern Vietnam

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