An Assessment of Hazards Caused by Electromagnetic Interaction on Humans Present near Short-Wave Physiotherapeutic Devices of Various Types Including Hazards for Users of Electronic Active Implantable Medical Devices (AIMD)

Abstract

Leakage of electromagnetic fields (EMF) from short-wave radiofrequency physiotherapeutic diathermies (SWDs) may cause health and safety hazards affecting unintentionally exposed workers (W) or general public (GP) members (assisting patient exposed during treatment or presenting there for other reasons). Increasing use of electronic active implantable medical devices (AIMDs), by patients, attendants, and workers, needs attention because dysfunctions of these devices may be caused by electromagnetic interactions. EMF emitted by 12 SWDs (with capacitive or inductive applicators) were assessed following international guidelines on protection against EMF exposure (International Commission on Nonionizing Radiation Protection for GP and W, new European directive 2013/35/EU for W, European Recommendation for GP, and European Standard EN 50527-1 for AIMD users). Direct EMF hazards for humans near inductive applicators were identified at a distance not exceeding 45 cm for W or 62 cm for GP, but for AIMD users up to 90 cm (twice longer than that for W and 50% longer than that for GP because EMF is pulsed modulated). Near capacitive applicators emitting continuous wave, the corresponding distances were: 120 cm for W or 150 cm for both—GP or AIMD users. This assessment does not cover patients who undergo SWD treatment (but it is usually recommended for AIMD users to be careful with EMF treatment).

A Pilot Study of an Online Intelligent Environmental Observation System for Monitoring and Evaluating Public Health Hazard from Indoor and Outdoor Pollutants

“…Research 592 (2005) pp. [119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137] models, cell culture experiments, and cell free systems that exposure to diesel exhaust and diesel exhaust particles causes oxidative DNA damage. In this study oxidative stress-induced DNA damage appears to an important mechanism of action of urban particulate air pollution.…”

“…Our inference is that the best way to accomplish a reliable and effective study is follow a combination of various methodologies of quantitative and qualitative research. We therefore conclude that, the most appropriate methods in our study are a mixture of qualitative, quantitative research, longitudinal and cross-sectional research and classification research [1,5,8,11,13,21,23,29,32,33,42,48,52,53,76,79,91,92,95,98,106,113,124,126,129,136,140,142].…”

“…There are studies, as is presented in Table 5 that referred to environmental centers where measuring and monitoring key environmental variables and in collaboration with authorities supervise compliance with provisions and regulations [117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139]. In this important approach a comprehensive review with 108 references referring to the distribution, source, accumulation, transformation, types and toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) is presented.…”

Quasi Optical Effects of Non-Ionizing Radiation Inside Pregnant Woman Abdomen

“…Interaction of radiofrequency (RF) in the human body has been reported in several research articles [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. In this paper, plano-convex lens like behaviour is investigated for a pregnant woman abdomen for non ionizing microwave radiation.…”

Evaluation of the safety of users of active implantable medical devices (AIMD) in the working environment in terms of exposure to electromagnetic fields – practical approach to the requirements of European Directive 2013/35/EU

“…Common sources of strong electromagnetic fields (EMF)* applicable in industrial production, covered by these investigations[4,[49][50][51][52][53][54] …”